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422 NEW BOOKS. really, as he says, an analytical judgment it would be simply equivalent to ' You are commanded what you are commanded '. This judgment, no doubt, is unexceptionable ; but Herr Bon would hardly be satisfied that it expressed his meaning. If, then, as seems to be the case, his theory must be rejected, and the criticism is understood as applying to his practice, it amounts to saying that by ' You ought ' something quite different from ' You are commanded ' may be meant, and that this is something which Herr Bon nowhere mentions elsewhere in his book. It is in fact the notion which gives a meaning to the mention of ' true ' and ' false ' ' Ideals,' which Herr Bon afterwards rejects scornfully as phrases without meaning (p. 135). In short, there is a notion which gives a meaning to the questions, ' Is it true that this ought to be ? ' 'Is it true that this is good ? ' quite independent of what anybody thinks about the matter, or of what he desires or is commanded. Even if Herr Bon thinks there is no such notion, his theory, being false, will not entitle him to reject without discussion the possibility that there is. G. E. MOOKE. Criminalpsychologie. Von Dr. HANNS GROSS. Graz : Leuschner & Lubensky, 1898. Pp. 722. Dr. Gross's book is intended for judges and magistrates who have to try criminal cases. He considers it most essential in the interests of justice that public officials entrusted with the lives and liberties of so many people should possess an accurate knowledge of the operations of the human mind. In the first place they should know how their own minds work, then they must know the minds of the witnesses and finally the minds of the persons for trial. A knowledge of the general laws of mind must be supplemented by a special knowledge of the mental charac- teristics and peculiarities of the various classes who come before the criminal courts either as prisoners or witnesses. Dr. Gross attempts to some extent to supply this information. He deals with the mental characteristics of women and children and the value which is to be at- tached to their evidence as witnesses. He shows the effect of old age on the mental faculties and the allowances which must be made for it by judges and magistrates. The effects of illiteracy, ignorance, superstition, custom, mental hallucinations and illusions are also dealt with. He even wishes the judge to draw conclusions from the dress worn by the prisoner or the witness. Many of his remarks are interesting and instructive, although at times somewhat fanciful. On the whole the book is a valu- able compendium of criminal psychology and is worth reading by those who have to deal with prisoners and witnesses in courts of justice. La Psicologia dell' Immaginazione nella storia delict filosofia. Per LUIGI AMBKOSI. Eoma : Societa editrice Dante Alighieri, 1898. Pp. xxxiv., 562. Dr. Ambrosi has investigated rather more than fifty psychological doc- trines, and has summarised the theories bearing on his subject with great clearness, endeavouring, so far as was possible, to maintain the chrono- logical order and to show the development of one from another. He has thus prepared the way for a volume soon to appear, entitled In the World of Phantasy : Its Phenomena, Its Laws, Its Mysteries, which he characterises as "a voyage of discovery". Meanwhile he has given us a historical and critical account of the psychology of imagination from Democritus down to Frohschammer. Beginning with a short chapter on primitive mythological conceptions