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426 PHILOSOPHICAL PEEIODICALS. nomothetic (physics and psychology). Not in this way, since (1) all natural sciences set forth judgments of the existence of objects; (2) every assertion of a special fact demands reference to general facts ; and (3) the manifold of reality is not infinite, and abstracting conceptions are not inadequate to the richness of the single fact. We start rather from, the view that all science connects, while it is art that isolates. Then, classifying our material from an epistemological standpoint, we find that physics deals with overindividual objects, psychology with individual ; the normative sciences deal with overindividual will-acts, the historical sciences with individual. " It is the unique task of history as a science to work out and make complete the teleological system of individual will-relations, thus to bring out the connexions between our acts and all the acts which we must acknowledge as somehow teleologically influencing our own. 7 ' The method of psychology and history is thus the same : the material is different.] J. R. Angell and H. B. Thompson. ' A Study of the Relations between Certain Organic Processes and Con- sciousness.' [On the relation of circulation and respiration to various affective and intellective processes. Falls into two parts : a historical survey, and new work and interpretation. The processes dealt with are " cases of readjustment of an organism to its environment. Attention is always occupied with the point in consciousness at which the readjust- ment is taking place. If the process of readjustment goes smoothly and evenly, we have a steady strain of attention," and therewith a rhythmic regularity of circulation and respiration. " But often the readjustment is more difficult. The attentive equilibrium is upset, and there are violent shifts back and forth as it attempts to recover itself." Such " breaks, shocks, and malco-ordinations of attention are accompanied by sudden, spasmodic changes and irregularities in the bodily processes ". There is no nearer correlation demonstrable.] C. L. Franklin. ' Muel- ler's Theory of the Light Sense.' [Criticism of points in Mueller's theory and plea for the greater reasonableness of the author's. Not convincing.] Shorter contributions and reports. H. M. Stanley. ' Professor Groos and Theories of Play.' [Instinct as such needs no practice. Much of what Groos calls play is really work. Play may have started with adult practice ; or, perhaps, with teasing. Pure work and play are rare. Groos makes too much of shamming ; his classification is incomplete. Play is " a generic general phase of emotionalism ".] F.Kennedy. 'The Struggle for a Spiritual Content of Life.' [Eeport of Eucken's " Kampf urn einen geistigen Lebensinhalt".] I. B. 'Experience under the In- fluence of Ether.' Psychological Literature. New Books. Notes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY. Vol. x., No. 2. F. E. Bolton. ' Hydropsychoses.' [Investigates the influence that Water has exerted in shaping and moulding man's psychical organism. Pelagic origin of life : mental 'reverberations,' in primitive conceptions of life, philosophies, religious observances, literature, etc. Attitude of man to water at the present day : questionnaire returns. " There is unquestioned evidence of numerous rudimentary psychic traits and many others which, though not capable of rigorous demonstration, give strong evidence of their origin." The evidence turns out, however, to consist entirely of ' suggestions '. President Hall's psychoses are as inconclusive in proof as they are dif- ficult of disproof.] F. W. Colegrove. ' Individual Memories.' [Ques- tionnaire returns. Earliest memories ; false memories ; aids to memory, etc. Unpleasant memories play a larger part in women's mental life than in man's.] L. W. Kline. ' Methods in Animal Psychology.* [Interpretation is secondary ; methods are wanted. There are two : the direct or natural, observation of free life ; and the indirect or experi-