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PHILOSOPHICAL PERIODICALS. 429 the end. This need may not be known, it may, perhaps, not even be /fit. But when it can be shown that such a need determines a series of effects tending to realise the advantage then we have proof of finality.] Q. Dumas. Revue critique (Nevroses et Idees fixes d'apres M. Raymond et Pierre Janet). Analyses et comptes rendus. Revues des Periodiques Etrangers (MiND). ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHOLOOIE UNO PHYSIOLOGIE DEE SINNESORGANE. Bd. xix., Heft 4. K. B. R. Aars. ' Ueber die Beziehung zwischen apriorischem Causalgesetz und der Thatsache der Reizhoehe.' [The validity and necessity of the causal law merely constitute a particular case of the rule of mental maxima. In other words, they depend upon the fact that human certainty readily reaches its maximum, upon the existence of the terminal stimulus.] Q-. J. Schoute. ' Wahruehmungen mit einem einzelnen Zapfen der Netzhaut.' [It is possible to discriminate at least eight degrees of magnitude in images thrown upon a single cone. The criterion of size is amount of light, i.e., product of surface into intensity.] O. Polimanti. ' Ueber die sogenannte Flimmerphotometrie.' [Flicker values do not agree with twilight values (so Schenck), but rather with peripheral brightnesses (von Kries). Confirmation of this from two dichromatic subjects. Observations on the frequency of oscillation necessary to produce continuity of sensation.] Besprechung. A. Hoefler. ' H. Gross. Criminalpsychologie.' Litteraturbericht. Heft 5 und 6. E. B. Titchener. ' Zur Kritik der Wundtschen Gefuehlslehre.' [Wundt's classification attempts to reconcile logical arrangement with introspection. His account of the origin of feeling is incomplete. Intro- spective evidence for the pleasure-pain theory.] Litteraturbericht. Bibliographic der psychophysiologischen Litteratur des Jahres 1897. [Two thousand four hundred and seventy eight titles : the Psychological Index and the Annee psychologique had two thousand four hundred and sixty-five.] Bd. xx., Heft 1. D. Hansemann. ' Ueber das Gehirn von Hermann v. Helmholtz.' [The brain showed great richness of convolution. The frontal lobes, the praecuneus, and the gyrus angularis call for special mention. Helmholtz had a slight hydrocephaly in youth. This is very likely significant (so Perls and Edinger), the increased brain-pressure acting as stimulus to brain growth.] M. Meyer. Ueber Beurtheilung zusam- mengesetzter Klaenge.' [Terminological: 'analysable' clangs; 'note' for ' tone ' in parallel octave, etc., singing ; ' attention '. Critique of Stumpf's laws that the lowest tone of a resting clang carries the pitch of the whole, and that in successive compound clangs the part that moves in the largest steps carries the movement. Rejection of Lipps' definitions of fusion. Attention cannot intensify ; whether addition of new tones means increased intensity cannot at present be decided.] Litteratur- bericht. Bd. xx., Heft 2 und 3. W. von Zehender. ' Ueber geome- trisch-optische Taeuschung.' [Revives Volkmann's discovery that retinal verticals apparently parallel really diverge upwards. Illusions are mat- ters of apprehension, not of sense-organ ; but Lipps' theory is inadequate. Volkmann's principle explains the Poggendorff figure. Distinction of periscopic (discursive) and episcopic (concentrated) vision : variations in the Poggendorff effect with varied direction of the lines of regard. Ex- planation of angle illusions (Hering, Zoellner) by an extension of Volk- mann's principle. Quantitative experiments.] A. Samojloff. ' Zur Kenntniss der nachlaufenden Bilder.' [For von Kries, against Hess : shows that the recurrent image is complementary in colour, and lacking at the spot of clearest vision. Describes a simple but accurate appar- atus.] M. von Prey und F. Kiesow. ' Ueber die Function der Tast-