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M. FBIEDL^NDER, THE GUIDE, ETC., OF MAIMONIDES. 97 tion," and (2) in what he calls " second-class inferences," i.e., in- ferences which, originally made by experiment, are repeated by subsumption. He is also at pains, as in his account of Judgment, to do justice to the traditional view, and to preserve what in it was true, though in a new form. " If we are to be deprived of sub- sumption, as I am convinced that we must be, we should be doubly careful with our new account of Inference." In Mr. Bradley 's work he does not find the same analysis of Inference as that given in the Syllogism, "or any substitute for it". This defect he seeks to remedy. The ' major premiss ' must indeed be given up ; but the task which it w y as meant to fulfil still remains. " An explicit exhibition of ground and principle is indispensable to every inference which claims to be called rational," even although " such an analysis does not change the intellectual function, but only gives it self-consciousness ". For this " nexus " or " ground " is "the element which constitutes its essence as inference". " Only in as far as there is an apprehended source of necessity is there, to my mind, an inference at all ; and in as far as we fail to represent this in black and white when we state our premisses, so far does the inferential character of the inference escape our analysis " (p. 322). Had space permitted, attention might have been directed to many particular discussions of unusual excellence in this book. Such, for example, is the treatment of Immediate Inference, all supposed examples of which Mr. Bosanquet reduces to " efforts of inference," " formal or interpretative inference," which may not be " psychologically impossible," but are really " present in the de- finite structure " of the original judgment. Of great value also is the account of the distinction between Categorical and Hypothe- tical Judgments (c. i.), of " Proper Names " (cp. especially pp. 73-75), and of " Induction by simple Enumeration " (pp. 84, 85). JAMES SETH. The Guide of the Perplexed of Maimonides. Translated from the Original and Annotated by M. FRIEDLJENDER, Ph.D. 3 vols. London : Triibner, 1885. Pp. Ixxx. 368 ; ix. 225 ; xxvii. 327. As the story goes, Maimonides was at first anxious to prevent the study of his work by any but members of his own faith, and accordingly he had only one other copy made besides that which he sent to Ibn Aknim, for whose benefit the Guide was composed. Though Arabic was the original language of the work, Hebrew characters were used to contribute towards this restricted circula- tion. Be that as it may, the author was not very much concerned to place his views before even his own brethren, and in one of his letters to Aknim he declared himself well content with his fate if he were understood by but one sympathetic mind. But his long- ing for obscurity was not to be satisfied. Soon, copies of his work