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74 H. M. STANLEY : has been, is, or may be under the control of the will. The angry man may be angry and restrain expression, but, as long as he is angry, there will be a certain physical substratum of the mood, a certain state of the nerves and of the cerebral circulation. We shall notice in conclusion the subject of the Classification of the Emotions. The feelings and we have used the term emo- tions as in general synonymous have been most variously divided. Spinoza in the Etliica develops a classification from the primary feelings, pleasure, pain and desire, through modification by the inadequate, the rational and the intuitive ideas. Hamil- ton grounds his divisions of the feelings on his divisions of the other powers of the mind, for feeling is with him mere adjunct of other powers, contemplative and practical. Dr. Nahlowsky divides into simple and complex, and also into active and passive. Mr. Spencer divides variously, " as central or peripheral, as strong or weak, as vague or definite, as coherent or incoherent, as real or ideal " (Psych, i. 272). He adds agreeable and disagreeable feelings ; and works out the distinction of real and ideal into pre- sentative, presentative-representative, representative, re-represen- tative. This purely psychological classification gives the order of evolution of feelings in a very general way, but Mr. Spencer enters upon no detailed examination of the feelings. Prof. ]>ain claims to be in substantial agreement with Mr. Spencer, but his eleven genera appear rather heterogeneous and only in a vague way evolutionary. Mr. Spencer (Esso.tjs, ii. 120) approves of Prof. Bain's idea of a natural-history classification, but points out that Prof. Bain has not worked out the ideal, giving merely a " descrip- tive psychology " : a true evolutionary classification should be founded on study of "the evolution of the emotions up through the various grades of the animal kingdom," study of " the emo- tional differences between the lower and higher human rar and lastly, by observing " the order in which the emotions unfold during the progress from infancy to maturity . It is much to be regretted, however, that Mr. Spencer has not taken up the emotions in detail. He has given us mere rough divisions, not a classification. Mr. Mercier's classification, as worked out in MIM> XXXY.-YI I., is very elaborately and carefully done. He gives a more thorough natural-history classification than any which lias yet been set forth, giving classes, sub-classes, orders and genera. Many of the Tables are very ably worked out, but it would not be hard to criticise. Table hi. is particularly suggestive, but it may be doubted hetlier certain of the feelings, as Courage and Sense of Victory, always have relation to self-conservation. Again many higher and late developed feelings creep into the earlier Tal as Eesignation and Meekness into Table iii., which is somewhat like putting the cat among the radiates. We, of course, recognise that late forms may belong to early types, but this will not