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174 A. BAIN : tion, any more than heat and light enable a plant to propa- gate its kind ; they are but the essential accompaniments : without being the fact, they are conditions of its full realisation. The concluding head will involve a more specific con- sideration of the present topic. VIII. The final question of this paper relates to the insufficiency or shortcoming of the principles of Association, as now qualified, to explain the rise and succession of our thoughts, in other words, the various operations of the Intellect. This leads me to examine the new position occupied by Prof. Wundt, who regards these principles as insufficient to account for the higher intellectual processes. Even if Prof. Wundt's name were not enough to secure a respectful consideration of his views, we have an additional motive, in the declaration of M. Lachelier, his expounder in the Revue Philosopliique, that in France, at the present time, neither English empiricism nor pure Kantianism can give satisfaction, and that a reconciliation of the two is earnestly called for. I leave it to the Kantians, old or new, to say how far Prof. Wundt's assumptions coincide with Kant's. I must endeavour to state what they are, and to criticise them, regarded as supplementary to the laws of association. Wundt recognises in the mind two entirely distinct sets of laws lower and higher. The lower are laws of the senses and the brain, and embrace sensations and intellectual groupings under ordinary association. They make up the department covered by the psychophysical researches of the German experimental psychologists. The laws of Association, as prevailing in this lower region, are given by Wundt without any essential variation from the more usual renderings. His scheme is (1) Simultaneous Association. (a) Associative Synthesis. (h) Assimilation. (<?) Complication. (2) Successive Association. While thus taking as his main distinction the Simul- taneous and the Successive, Wundt admits as valid the reduction of the laws of Association (as by Herbart) to the two Similarity and Contiguity ; Contrast being a case of