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200 w. JAMES : the fact that in inflammation they become the seat of excru- ciating pains, and from the perception by everyone who lifts weights or presses against resistance, that every increase of the force opposing him betrays itself to his consciousness principally by the starting-out of new feelings or the increase of old ones, in or about the joints. If the structure and mode of mutual application of two articular surfaces be taken into account, it will appear that, granting the surfaces to be sensitive, no more favourable mechanical conditions could be possible for the delicate calling of the sensibility into play than are realised in the minutely graduated rotations and firmly resisted variations of pressure involved in every act of extension or flexion. Nevertheless it is a great pity that we have as yet no direct testimony, no expressions from patients with healthy joints accidentally laid open, of the impressions they experience when the cartilage is pressed or rubbed. The nearest approach to direct evidence, so far as I know, is contained in the paper of Lewinski, 1 published in 1879. This observer had a patient the inner half of whose leg was anaesthetic. When this patient stood up, he had a curious illusion about the position of his limb, which disappeared the moment he lay down again : he thought himself knock-kneed. If, as Lewinski says, we assume the inner half of the joint to share the insensibility of the corresponding part of the skin, then he ought to feel, when the joint-surfaces pressed against each other in the act of standing, the outer half of the joint most strongly. But this is the feeling he would also get whenever it was by any chance sought to force his leg into a knock-kneed attitude. Lewinski was led by this case to examine the feet of certain ataxic patients with im- perfect sense of position. He found in every instance that when the toes were flexed and drawn upon at the same time (the joint-surfaces drawn asunder) all sense of the amount of flexion disappeared. On the contrary, when he pressed a toe in, whilst flexing it, the patient's appreciation of the amount of flexion was much improved, evidently because the artificial increase of articular pressure made up for the pathological insensibility of the parts. Applying these results (which, though supported by cir- cumstantial evidence only, seem nevertheless invulnerable) to the case of the tracing finger-tip, we see that the latter gives no countenance to the theory of localisation by muscular sense. The tip is indubitably localised at the 1 " Ueber den Kraftsinn," Virchow's Archiv, Bd. Ixxvii. 134.