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300 NEW BOOKS. Vocabulary of Philosophy, Psychological, Ethical, Metaphysical: With Quota- tions and References. By WILLIAM FLEMING, D.D., formerly Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Glasgow. Fourth Edition. Revised and largely reconstructed by HENRY C ALDER WOOD, LL.D., Professor of Moral Philosophy, University of Edinburgh. London : C. Griffin & Co., 1887. Pp. vii., 439. Blots that disfigured the earlier editions of this Vocabulary, and that were left standing even in the third when it had come under the charge of the present editor, have now been removed, and so many alterations and additions have been made with the help mainly of Prof. James Seth, but also of Messrs. J. Weir and W. Mitchell- that the old-fashioned work may fairly be said to appear in "largely reconstructed" form. One could wish only that the reconstruction had been still more thorough. Of Fleming there remains a good deal to be yet thrown away, if also something to be restored, as, e.g., the old initial topic "Abduction" (Aristotle's anayoayr], not at all accounted for afterwards by a mere mention of * Apagogical '), now left out when ' Adscititious ' (Clarke) or " Autocrasy " (South) might well have been spared instead by the inquiring student. The use, in fact, now left for Fleming could be little else than to serve as a reminder of certain words of the more unfamiliar sort, or as a repository from which some quotations might be handily culled. Even when he had swept up a number of good quotations, in the case of words with an important historical development, the Glasgow professor had a way of disposing them with such perfect inconsequence that his example was there only to be shunned. It is a pleasure to acknowledge that in the present edition a manifest effort has been made towards improvement and reform in this matter of orderly treatment ; still it is only partially successful by reason of sheer intractability in the matter taken over : compare, e.g., the article ' Cause '. And if Fleming's original quotations needed a more careful sifting and ordering, it was surely time that all his second-hand ones should be dropt : there are some very odd survivals in this kind. Of the new matter, much is open to criticism. Thus, 4 Averages' is made the occasion for giving some vague references or citations about probability and chance, hardly at all relevant to the topic ; where a good distinction of Average and Mean would have been really useful to the student. Neither there, nor afterwards when 'Chance' is treated in its place, is any mention made of Mr. Venn's well-known work a serious omission when elsewhere there is so evident an intention of referring the student to good and accessible sources of information on the different topics. Under ' Connotation,' is it right to say that "according to Mill the only non-connotative terms are proper names," or, later under ' Term,' to lay down without qualification that " abstract terms are connotative only" ? The same topic suggests also another remark : ' Con- notation ; might well have given occasion for some historical note of Mill's diversion of the word from its Scholastic usage ; but indeed it is one of the most obvious deficiencies of the Vocabulary in any form it has yet received, that little or no attempt is made to trace the history often so interesting and important of the various words. When historical indications are given, they are not always as exact as they should be. Thus it is surely not " recently " i.e., only by Mr. Sully that " the term connate has been employed in preference to the older term innate," when Shaftesbury and others made so great a point of it long ago. But enough of this : the work might have been much more adequately and circumspectly done, and yet leave many openings for critical emendation. Even in the past, the Vocabulary must have been found somehow useful, or at least attractive, before it could obtain a sale of three editions ; and of the