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304 NEW BOOKS. the working. As indicating " incomplete organisation of a tendency," feeling is a defect ; though, it may at the same time be a sign of advance of organisation in relation to some former state or to some other organism. The two primary conditions of feeling are (1) " inhibition of a tendency," or a check to the completion of some reflex action, (2) multiplicity of accompanying phenomena. Besides these "necessary but insufficient" primary conditions there are certain secondary conditions, viz., " force and persistence of the inhibited impulse, relatively abrupt appearance and relative inco-ordination of the phenomena, tendency to invade the whole of consciousness ". These need not all be present at the same time, but if all are absent there is no feeling. According to the distribution of these conditions the feelings are divided into three classes : i. Passions, Senti- ments, Impulsive Affections, Affective Signs, ii. Affective Sensations (or sensations felt as pleasure or pain, Mr. Spencer's " presentative feelings "), iii. Emotions. In the third class must be placed " pleasures and pains," but in a division by themselves. " Pleasure is the result of an increasing systematisation, pain is the result of a decreasing systematisation." " Passions " are the intensest of persistent states of feeling ; " sentiments J> being merely the same phenomena reduced to a less degree of intensity. " Emotions " are distinguished by their less persistence and greater abrupt- ness of appearance (the crises of a "passion," for example, are "emotions"), by the great multitude of accompanying phenomena, especially physical phenomena, such as derangement of circulation, &c., and by their " com- plete absorption of the psychical forces". The "impulsive affections" and " affective signs " of the first class of feelings are more and more faint " affective substitutes," continually approximating to those last and faintest " intellectual substitutes," the psychological characters of which have never been accurately described. The intenser phenomena of the second and third classes fade off into similar vague states. From these approximating vague states, as from a common root, the intellectual and emotional phenomena arise in their distinctive classes, like animals and plants from primitive forms that are neither. The book is divided into three chapters (1) "General Law of Production of Affective Phenomena," (2) "The Conditions of Production of the different Classes of Affective Phenomena," (3) " The Laws of Production of Compound Affective Phenomena". All these chapters are full of good and ingenious psychological analysis in detail. % Une Visite cl la Salpetriere. Par J. DELBOEUF. Extrait de la Revue de Belgique. Bruxelles : C. Muquardt, 1886. Pp. 49. This extremely interesting account of observations on hypnotic patients at the Salpetriere, made by M. Delboeuf, in company with MM. Binet and Fe"re, supplements the work noticed in the last No. of MIND, p. 144. The author has contented himself, he remarks, with relating what he saw, mixing only a few reflections with his narration. All these " reflections " are very valuable suggestions for further inquiry. In particular, M. Delboeuf has been able, by an application of his own studies of sleep and dreams, to get for the first time evidences of memory of experience in the hypnotic state. The condition is that the last act of the hypnotic "dream" shall be the first of waking (p. 41). It is impossible, he says (p. 33), to be too circumspect in judgments on hypnotic phenomena ; some of the more mysterious of which such as the supposed action of the will across space without physical conductor he suspects may be explained by " coincidences, auto-suggestions, complaisances in observation," or " un- conscious divination of what is expected ".