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NEW BOOKS, 307 pp. 1-110), lie arrives at the following classification of religions : (1) Projective Theology, (2) Pantheistic Religions, (3) Christianity. The remaining two parts (ii. "Projective Religions," pp. 111-354; iii. "The Pantheistic Religions," pp. 355-541) have for their purpose to expound and criticise the forms of religion classified under the first two heads. Of the " projective religions " there are two chief forms " the religion of fear " and " the religion of sin " or " of law ". Pantheism has three chief forms the religions " of action," " of feeling " and " of thought ". The projective religions, attacked by criticism, disappear, and the "transitional form" of Atheism or Positivism passes over into Pantheism. Since the three Pantheistic religions in their turn dissolve under criticism, all that remains for us is either to become " atheists of the second power " or else go on " to the third and last stage of religious culture, to the philosophy of Christianity ". In order to set free the religious truth in Christianity from its " Hellenic fetters " of Platonic Idealism, a " new philosophy " is required. " The peculiarity of the new philosophy rests on the distinction of consciousness from the function of cognition " (p. xxii.). Consciousness, like the motion of a body, is capable of all degrees, while objects of cognition, like bodies in motion, remain the same. In consequence of this distinction, philosophy as a mere affair of cognition no longer swallows up the mind in itself, " but as a member in a system of co-ordinates recognises the remaining functions of the mind, also the Ego, as independent powers". Die italienische Philosophie des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts. Von Dr. KARL WERNER. Fiinfter Band : Die Selbstvermittelung des nationaleri Culturgedankens in der neuzeitlichen italienischen Philosophie. Wien : G. P. Faesy, 1886. Pp. xi., 427. In this, the fifth volume of his work on the Italian philosophy of the 19th century (for the first four volumes, see MIND x. 479 ; xi. 132, 447), Dr. Werner treats of special or applied philosophy under the heads of (1) " Nature-philosophy and ^Esthetics " (pp. 3-200) ; (2) " Psychology and Pedagogics " (pp. 201-231) ; (3) " Ethics and Jurisprudence, Doctrine of the State and of Society" (pp. 233-347); (4) "Philosophy of History" (pp. 349-378) ; (5) " History of Philosophy " (pp. 379-420). The present volume has the merits of its predecessors ; but as it is even more exclusively expository, it does not offer occasion for detailed remark. By way of criticism of the doctrines expounded, the author indicates that what is required for the completion of the national thought that the philosophers of Italy have been struggling to express, is the theistic and Catholic idea. Das Problem der Continuitat in MatJiematik und Mechanik. Historische und systematische Beitrage von Dr. FERDINAND AUGUST MULLER, Privat- docent der Philosophic an der Universitat Giessen. Marburg : N. G. Elwert, 1886. Pp. iv., 123. Leibniz's " law of continuity " being, in the author's view, the point of most intimate connexion of the Critical with the Leibnizian philosophy, he has set himself to trace the development of this and the related concep- tions in Leibniz and Kant. Leibniz made ari advance on Descartes by placing the idea of permanence or substance in action instead of extension; but his idea of substance was taken from the Ego regarded as active, and then applied to matter ; and, generally, there was in Leibniz a mixture of mathematical with dynamical and of these with psychological conceptions. Kant destroyed for ever the conception of " mental substance," and for the first time separated mathematics from dynamics. The doctrine of the conservation of energy in which " the dynamical unity of nature " is now