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614 NEW BOOKS. of human kind. When the universal affirmation, "All new cakes are nice," cannot be understood and worked with except as made up of the two propositions, " Some new cakes are nice " and " No new cakes are not nice," one begins to doubt whether the author has not been a little more con- cerned to be inventive than either edifying or amusing. And if the instruction might be simpler and more effective, the interpolated humour also might be more happy : at least it is not easy to imagine that the boy or maiden who can follow the author's rather technical exposition will be tickled by quips that appear suited for only very young children. But whether the author succeeds or not with his proposed aim, fhis scheme of graphic representation is by no means undeserving of attention by the side of the others that have been devised of late years. Like some other of the innovators, he can do scant justice to the traditional system, as at p. 35, where the mare's nest of the two negative premisses is again discovered, with an air of importance almost as grave as Jevons displayed on the occasion. Studies and Exercises in Formal Logic, including a Generalisation of Logical Processes in their Application to Complex Inferences. By JOHN NEVILLE KEYNES, M.A., University Lecturer in Moral Science, Cambridge. Second Edition revised and enlarged. London : Macmillan, 1887. Pp. xii., 455. The usefulness predicted for these Studies when reviewed in MIND ix. 301 is proved by the call already for a second edition. The whole book has been carefully revised, and considerable parts of 'it have been rewritten, with the result of enlargement by about 30 pp. It is a distinct improve- ment that the unanswered exercises are now separated out from the expository matter, and placed at the end of the chapters; also that an index has been added. In its new form, the book will be still more helpful to students than before. A Treatise on the Principle of Sufficient Reason. A Psychological Theory of Seasoning, showing the Eelativity of Thought to the Thinker, of Recognition to Cognition, the Identity of Presentation and Represen- tation, of Perception and Apperception. By Mrs. P. F. FITZGERALD. London : Thomas Laurie, 1887. Pp. xvi, 410. The philosophical purpose of this book is described in the sub-title. The "two doctrines" that constitute its foundations are "first, the existence of God, who from His very nature is, and must be, good, because He is the Source and Giver of all good, and Ordainer of the moral law ; and secondly, that of the necessity of the divinely-ordained counterpartal union of every human soul with its complementary spirit". In other words, " love, human and divine, is the secret of happiness the true Best for Being " (p. 3). " The complete idea or mental representation of Being, which constitutes intelligence, vovs, the Gnosis, the light that lighteth every man that cometh into the world," is "present in each individual man through his faculty of reflecting on the presentations of his own inner Being, and through the logical principle of what is experienced in being, generalising through comparison of less and greater, until he arrives at the idea of perfect, absolute Being " (p. 243). What is notable in the author's development of this form of mysticism is the insistence on permanent distinctions of personality. The individuality is not to be suppressed, but " self-preservation " is " the first law alike of the animal and the spiritual life " (p. 228). " If we choose to sacrifice our life for love, it is still because it is our own joy so to do. Feeling is not to be extinguished for the good for Being, as the Bouddha Sakhya Mouni taught ; for as the blood is the