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160 NEW BOOKS. interpreted by later mathematicians and thinkers, follows (pp. 52-123) ; and the work ends with a series of deductions or applications (pp. 124-62). having present scientific or philosophic interest. Unsere Naturerkenntniss. Beitrage zu einer Theorie der Mathematik u. der Physik von Dr. K. KROMAN, Docenten der Philosophic a.d. Univer- sitat zu Kopenhagen. Ins deutsche iibersetzt unter Mitwirkung des Verfassers von Dr. R. Von FISCHER-BENZON. Kopenhagen : Host, 1883. Pp. xvii., 458. This work gained for the author a gold medal given by the Royal Danish Academy of the Sciences and has now been translated from Danish into German in order to procure for it a wider circulation. Though it might have had a somewhat different form had it not been written for the narrower circle of Danish readers, it is left in its original shape, because the author found that he had been really successful in composing a philo- sophical work on the foundations of science which men of science the chief mathematicians of his own country recognised as having a meaning for them. After a general introduction on the nature of cognition, it falls into two parts, dealing with a priori and with empirical knowledge or with the formal sciences (logic and mathematics) and with the real (physical) sciences. The author bases this division upon a thoroughgoing acceptance of the distinction between objects as made and as found. The firmness with which this principle is conceived and carried out invests the book with a real importance. It is a distinctly noteworthy contribution to that theory of science which has become for the time the first business of philo- sophy. Having written apparently (or first published) in 1881, the author declares that year to be not more memorable as the centenary of Kant's Kritik d. r. V. than as the date of Lotze's death, the two thinkers so brought to- gether being in his view the greatest of German philosophers, if not the greatest that have ever lived ; or of one thing at least he is sure, that, with the addition of Mill, they are to him the dearest names in philosophy. Freud und Leid des Menschengeschlechts. Eine social-psych ologische Unter- suchung der ethischen Grundprobleme. Von G. H. SCHNEIDER, Dr. Phil. Stuttgart : Schweitzbart, 1883. Pp. xviii., 380. The author, whose previous works, Der thierische Wille and Der mensch- liche Wille, have been reviewed in MIXD XIX., XXIX., continues in this book his general task of making psychological application of the Evolution -theory and occupies himself specially with Feeling as it determines human conduct. He does not offer it as ' The Darwinian Ethics ' which he has had in view, but rather as a preliminary investigation, in outline, of the fundamental ethical problems from the evolutionary point of view. The topics included are Good and 111 as expression of the promotion and arrest of vitality ; Sum of Goods and of Ills ; Relativity of Goods and Ills ; Direct and indirect effects of Goods and Ills ; Goods and Ills as guides of action ; Subordination of Goods and Ills ; Causes of the chief Ills now afflicting civilised nations ; Diminution of Ills and increase of Goods ; Fate and Determination ; Dying and living-on and continuance of Goods and Ills after ' death' ; World-judgment and World -justice. Zv.r natuncij>senschaft lichen Behandlunysweise der Psychologie durch u. fur die Volkerkunde Einige Abhandlungen. Von A. BASTIAN. Mit einer Tafel. Berlin : Weidmann, 1883. Pp. xxviii., 231. The first of the seven essays here collected as an offering to the German Anthropological Society at its meeting of this year, is a careful argument