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238 THOMAS WHITTAKER : the courteous manner in which he had been treated. The next place he visited was Prague. In return for the dedica- tion of one of his books he received a subsidy from the Emperor Rudolf II., afterwards the patron of Kepler. From Prague he went to Helmstadt. He composed there the three philosophical poems, De triplici Minima et Mensura, De Monade, Numero et Figiira, and De Immense et Innumerabilibus, and dedicated them to Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick. In order to get these books printed he went to Frankfort, where he remained from June 1590 to February 1591. At Frankfort he received letters from a young Venetian noble named Giovanni Mocenigo, asking him to visit him at his house in Venice and instruct him in the art of memory set forth in the De Umbris Idearum and other books devoted to the Ars magna of Raymond Lully. This was the cause of Bruno's return to Italy. Before his return he spent an interval at Zurich, during which he dictated his Summa Ter- minorum metaphysicorum, first printed, with a preface by Raphael Eglinus, in 1595. After his arrival in Italy in Sep- tember or October 1591, he lived alternately at Venice and at Padua. In March 1592, he began to reside permanently in the house of Mocenigo. Two months later Mocenigo, con- strained " by obligation of conscience and by order of his confessor," denounced him to the Inquisition as a teacher of impious doctrines. He was arrested and brought before the tribunal of the Inquisition at Venice. After his examination it was decided by the Grand Inquisitor San Severina, on the report of the tribunal, that he must be sent to Rome to be judged. The Venetian government was at first unwilling to grant his extradition, but at length yielded ; and at the beginning of 1593 he was taken to Rome, where he remained in the prisons of the Inquisition till 1600. Nothing is known of the first six years of this imprisonment. But it is now known from the documents found in the Vatican that early in 1599, at a session of the Congregation held under the presidency of the Pope (Clement VIII.), it was decided that Bruno should be required to abjure eight heretical propositions selected from his writings and from the statements that had been submitted to the Inquisitors. Only one answer of Bruno's is recorded, and this is a de- claration that he has seen no reason to change his opinions. On the 9th of February, 1600, he was condemned and de- livered over to the secular power, with the usual request, " ut quam clementissime et citra sanguinis effusionem puniretur ". When the sentence was read to him he answered, as Sciop- pius says, " threateningly " " Majori forsan cum timore sen-