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NEW BOOKS. 609 finds in the many analogies that can be traced between them and those of the OH World only proof of the similarity of conditions, internal and external, under which the invincible religious impulse in human nature has everywhere worked. Light is gained especially on the notion of Sacri- fice, which is found to be devoid originally of all moral significance, though this came to be added later. Both religions confirm the view that spiritual monotheism is a third and final stage reached through anthropomorphic polytheism from the first stage of all, animistic nature- worship, " of which fetichism is not the base, as it has been called, but the consequence and application ". An Introduction to Mental Philosophy on the Inductive Method. By J. D. MORELL, A.M., LL.D., Author of History of Philosophy, <L-c. (" Stewart's Educational Series "). London : W. Stewart, 1884. Pp. ix., 389. A modified reprint of the author's treatise of the same name published in 1862, as is thus intimated at the end of the Preface : " To render this edition more useful as an Examination Text-book, I have asked the aid of a London University-graduate, and an experienced tutor, to eliminate from the text what may seem unnecessary <r confusing to the student, and to throw the whole into the form suited to the re- quirements of the London B.A. and other examinations in which psycho- is taken as a subject." The concession in point of " form " to the London postulant does not go beyond " elimination " ; there is added, however, for his special behoof whatever be the Degree, high or low, he has in view a bulky Appendix (pp. cviL) of actual Examination-papers of late years, and these (for greater convenience) not confined to the ruerely psychoiogical matter of the treatise. The work, when it first appeared, had the merit of importing into this country some novel ideas from Her- bartian sources. These might now have been referred to as might also the work of physiologists in somewhat different language than was natural in 1862 when the Preface, here reproduced without date, was written. Modern Theories of Philosophy and Religion. By Jon^f TULLOCH, D.D., LL.D. Edinburgh and London : Blackwood, 1884. Pp. xiv., 444. A collection of nine essays (mostly reprints from the Edinburgh Review) brought together as bearing on " the great question of contemporary thought ... Is there a spiritual world ? Is there a metaphysical as well as a physical basis of life ? Is Reason or Soul, in other words, an entity and not a mere manifestation of nervous force a life l^ehind all other life, and not merely the highest and most complex phase of natural life ? " They are written with all the fluency to be expected of the author, and if with not quite the mild tolerance, the place and manner of their first appearance should be borne in mind. " Auguste Comte and Posi- tivism," " Modern Scientific Materialism," " Pessimism," ' Morality with- out Metaphysic," " Professor Ferrier and the Higher Philosophy," " Back to Kant ; or, Inimanuel Kant and the Kantian Revival" are among the subjects treated. Kant is approved of with a certain condescension, as from some superior height which is nowhere very exactly defined, and with reservations. Of English thinkers, or of English originality, at least since the time of Hume, Dr. Tulloch has but a poor opinion, though he recog- valiant champion of spiritual philosophy here and there and detects of late a promise of better things.