Homeric age. 'Let but Odysseus come,' says Penelope, 'and reach his native land, and soon will he and his son requite the violent deeds of these men.' 'Thus she spake,' continues the passage, 'and Telemachos sneezed aloud; and round about the house rang fearfully; and Penelope laughed, and quickly then she spake winged words to Eumaeus: "Go now, call the stranger here before me. Dost thou not see how my son did sneeze in sanction of all my words[1]? For this should utter death come upon the suitors one and all, nor should one of them escape death and destruction[2]."'
Among other instruments of divination occasionally used are eggs, molten lead, and sieves. Eggs are chiefly used to decide the prospects of a marriage. 'Speechless water'[3] is fetched by a boy, and the old woman who presides over such operations pours into it the white of an egg. If this keeps together in a close mass, the marriage will turn out well; but if it assumes a broken or confused shape, troubles loom ahead. In antiquity the science was probably more extended; for a work on egg-divining ([Greek: ôoskopika]) was attributed to Orpheus. A similar rite may be performed with molten lead instead of white of egg, and it suffices to pour it upon any flat surface[4]. Divination with a sieve—the ancient [Greek: koskinomanteia]—also continues, I have been told, but I know no details of the practice.
Thus then the chief methods of learning the gods' will as practised in antiquity have been reviewed, and are found to be perpetuated in substantially the same form down to the present day; and not only is the form the same but in many of them the same religious spirit is manifest. The principal difference lies in the paucity of professional diviners now; experts assuredly in some branches there still are, but augury alone would now, I think, be a precarious source of livelihood. Advice from the village priest would in so many cases be cheaper and no less valued than that of the soothsayer.
And as with persons so with places. The pagan temples in which oracles were given have been largely superseded by Christian churches, and possibly the peasants are more inclined to pay for.], III. p. 22.]
