After initial analyses of the samples, the samples should be resealed and analyzed on the following day, if possible. If the sample workup procedure results in a solution of the sample, these solutions should be recapped after the initial analysis if possible and reanalyzed on the following day using fresh standards.
The recovery of the analyte should be calculated for the primary and backup media in the sampler. Although complete recovery of the analyte from the sampler is most desirable, at a minimum, the estimated recovery of the analyte from the primary collection medium should be greater than or equal to 75% for concentrations equivalent to sampling 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 times the exposure limit. If recovery varies with analyte loading, results should be graphed as recovery versus loading during calibration of the method, so that appropriate correction can be made to sample results, as long as recovery is greater than 75% [3]. If estimated recovery does not exceed 75%, the method is not suitable for monitoring at this limit.
Estimated recovery from any backup media should be noted so that appropriate corrections can be applied if breakthrough of the sampler has occurred during sampling. The recovery of the analyte from the medium in the backup section of a sampler may be different from that of the front section, since the backup section of a sorbent-based sampler usually contains only half of the sorbent of the primary section. If the same volume of desorption solvent is used for both the primary and backup sections of the sampler, the desorption equilibrium can be shifted, since the backup section is being desorbed by twice the volume (i.e., on a mL solvent/mg sorbent basis) [4].
Reanalysis of the samples on the day after initial analysis indicates if immediate analysis after sample preparation is required. Often when processing a large number of samples, it may be necessary to prepare the samples for analysis as a batch. In these instances, the last samples may not be analyzed for up to 24 h or more after preparation because of the time required for analysis. If samples prepared for analysis exhibit time-dependent stability after desorption, analyses must be conducted within acceptable time constraints. Analysis and reanalysis results should agree within 5% of each other.
c. Stability of the Analyte on the Medium An extension to the experiment described above may be performed to investigate potential stability problems early in the experimentation. An additional set of fortified samples at each of the 4 concentrations should be prepared and analyzed after 7-days' storage at room temperature. Recovery should be similar to the above results within experimental error. Discrepancies larger than those expected by experimental error indicate sample stability problems that will need correcting by additional developmental effort (e.g., refrigerated storage). Comparison of results can be performed with statistical tests, such as an analysis of variance (ANOVA) [5] test of the “Day” difference or a paired t-test [6] of the means of the Day 1 and Day 7 storage results.
2. METHOD EVALUATION
After the initial development experiments for the method have been completed and a method has been proposed, the sampling and analysis approach should be evaluated to ensure that the data collected provides reliable, precise, and accurate results. Specifically, the goal of this evaluation is to determine whether, on the average, over a concentration range of 0.1 to 2 times the exposure limit, the method can provide a result that is within
±25% of the true concentration 95% of the time. For simplification, the true concentration is assumed to be
