Table 2 summarizes NIOSH, OSHA, MSHA, ACGIH and UK-HSE crystalline silica guidelines and limits for occupational exposure to crystalline silica. Tables 3 and 4 summarize NIOSH, OSHA, MSHA and UK-HSE sampling and analytical methods for crystalline silica. Tables 5 to 8 summarize evaluations of an XRD and an IR method.
Research on crystalline silica sampling and analysis is ongoing at NIOSH and elsewhere in government, in academia and in the private sector. Thus, this guidance is subject to revision as sampling and analytical method improvements are published.
8. REFERENCES
[1] NIOSH [2002]. Hazard review: Health effects of occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2002-129.
[2] Ampian SG, Virta RL. [1992]. Crystalline silica overview: Occurrence and analysis. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Information Circular IC 9317.
[3] Heaney PJ [1994]. Structure and chemistry of the low-pressure silica polymorphs. In: Heaney PJ, Prewitt CT, Gibbs GV, eds. Silica: Physical behavior, geochemistry, and materials applications. Reviews in mineralogy. Vol. 29. Washington, DC: Mineralogical Society of America, pp. 1-40.
[4] Guthrie GD Jr, Heaney PJ [1995]. Mineralogical characteristics of silica polymorphs in relation to their biological activities. Scand J Work Environ Health 21(Suppl 2):5-8.
[5] U.S. Navy [2003]. Web site: http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/sio2.html.
[6] BOM [1992]. Crystalline silica primer. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Information Circular IC 92-16938.
[7] Virta [1993]. Crystalline silica: What it is–and isn't. Minerals Today, October:12-16.
[8] IARC [1997]. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Silica, some silicates, coal dust and para-aramid fibrils. Vol. 68. Lyon, France: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer.
[9] NIOSH [1974]. Criteria for a recommended standard: Occupational exposure to crystalline silica. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Health Services and Mental Health Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 75-120.
[10] Weill H, Jones RN, Parkes WR [1994]. Silicosis and related diseases. In: Parkes WR, ed., Occupational lung disorders. 3rd ed. London: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., pp. 285-339.
[11] Altieri A, Sperduto B, Verdel U, Porceli D [1984]. Identification of cristobalite and quartz in the production of silicon carbide. Riv Infort Mal Prof 71(1-2):131-135.
[12] Rabovsky J [1995]. Biogenic amorphous silica. Scand J Work Environ Health 21 (Suppl 2):108-110.
[13] Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary [1987]. Eleventh Edition, Revised by N. Irving Sax and Richard J. Lewis, Sr. (ed.) New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
[14] ATS (American Thoracic Society) [1997]. Adverse effects of crystalline silica exposure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155:761-768.
[15] IARC [1987]. IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans: Silica and some silicates. Vol. 42. Lyon, France: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer.
