dúars presents a ragged, irregular surface, occasioned by the spurs which project into the plain, and it is very malarious. The eleven Bengal diiars are Dalim-kotta, Zamar-kotta, Cha- murchi, Lakhi, Buxa, Bhulka, Bara, Gumar, Kipu, Cherrung or Sidli, and Bagh or Bijni. The names of the seven Assam diiars are Buri Gumah and Kalling, bordering on the Durrung dis- trict; and Ghurkola, Baksha, Chapaguri, Chapaklamar, and Bijni, bordering on Kamrup. East of Durrung is the Kureah- parah Diiar held by the Tawang Eajah, a dependent of Tibet ; and still farther east are the wild tribes of Abors, Daflas, and Mishmis, extending to and beyond the Dihong, whose moun- tains, generally inaccessible, have recently been entered by our troops.[1]
Above the diiars, up to. the snowy ridge of the Southern Himalaya, all Bhutan is a succession of lofty and rugged mountains separated by gorges, and a few valleys somewhat wider than the generality of the ravines. The streams are numerous and rapid, in beds filled with huge boulders.
There are three river systems in Bhutan besides that of the Am-machu or Chumbi, which flows through a portion of that State on its way to the Brahmaputra. The first, from the west, is the Pachu-Chinchu, which is formed by several rivers. The Pachu flows from a saddle near Pari-jong, waters the Paro valley, and joins the Chinchu. It was by the Pachu valley that Bogle, Turner, and Manning made their way into Tibet. The Chinchu, receiving the Wangchu, flows through the valley of Tassisudon, and joins the Pachu. The united streams, in flow- ing down into Assam, are at first called the Pachu-Chinchu, and then the Eaidak and Minagaon. The next river system of Bhutan is the Machu, which flows past the winter palace of Punakha, and enters the plain as the Sankos. Lastly, by far
the largest river of Bhutan, and the one whose tributaries
- ↑ Under the command of Brigadier Stafford, C.B. See a paper on the "Geology of the Dafla Hills," by Major Godwin Austen, of the Topographical Survey of India, who accompanied this expedition. ('J. A. S. B,,' xliv. part ii.)
