Page:Nature and Origin of the Noun Genders of the Indo-European Languages.djvu/14

has to do with concepts possessing no natural, animal gender. In the case of natural sex there is to be noticed in all Indo-European languages a two-fold method of giving it expression. In a number of the words that denote living beings the name for the male and the name for the female are formed from different roots, and the mode of inflection may be the same for both roots. It is so in the case of Latin pater and māter, Greek πατήρ and μήτηρ. Here the root of the word distinguishes between the male and the female. Take, on the other hand, pairs such as Latin deus and dea, gallus and gallīna, Greek θεός, 'god', and θεά, 'goddess', λύκος, 'wolf', and λύκαινα, 'she-wolf', English god and goddess: here the word for the male and that for the female have the same root material and a common stem meaning; the inflectional ending only is different. The grammatical term for this in German is "motion". We say the word is "moviert" in order to mark the feminine sex. In cases of grammatical gender, on the contrary, there is but one way of making a distinction, viz.,—by inflection. The gender is made evident only by the inflectional endings, as in Latin animus, anima, Greek οἶκος, οἰκία. This fact shows us that the question as to how "formal" gender is related to natural