ii. NOV. is, 1904.] NOTES AND QUERIES.
383
P. 193, note 1. The Humane Society's
Reports for 1787, 1788, and 1789 are in the
library of the Manchester Medical Society
(Owens College).
P. 217. I read this book many years ago, in the German translation by Kries, and found it interesting and suggestive. English readers should remember that the Mediter- ranean is much more salt, and therefore of greater specific gravity, than the water of the Atlantic ; it is also warmer. As to the three miles an hour, the explanation does not explain. In a book printed at Naples "nella stamperia reale" the author would probably use Neapolitan measures, as he actually states at another place ; besides, the Italian mile of his day was little shorter than the English mile. "Italian miles are 61 yards and 1 foot snorter than an English mile. The Neapolitan mile is longer than the English by about 249 yards" (Thomas Martyn,
- A Tour through Italy,' Lond., 1791, p. xiii).
P. 219. " C. G. Salzmann" should be J. C. F. Guts Muths, as stated in the follow- ing note from the second edition of the
- Gymnastik fur die Jugend ' (Schnepfenthal,
1804), p. xiv. After stating that his first edition had been translated into Danish, English, and French, Guts Muths writes :
"Da ich weder die Danische noch Englische Uebersetzung besitze, so kann ich die Titel nicht anfiihren. Die Letzte erschien bey Johnson unter
Salzmanns Namen Die f ranzosische Uebersetzung
erschien 1803 unter dem Titel: La Gymnastique de la jeunesse, ou traiteelementaire des jeux d'Exercice consideres sous le rapport de leur utilit6 physique et morale. Par M. A. Amar Durivier et L. F. Jauffret. A Paris chez A. G. Debray. An XL Ala ich das Buch erhielb und den Titel las, freuete ich mich, dass auch Franzosen den Gegenstand bearbeitet batten und verehrte die Manner, die nach dem ' Avisdu Libraire editeur' ein exemple de modestie et dc dcsinteressement gaben, indem sie gleichzeitio; arbeitend und in Collision gerathen, die Friichte ihrer grossen Anstrengung friedlich in Einen Korb zusammen legten. Ich liiftete den Deckel und fand fast nichts als ein Plagium vom Anfange bis Ende aus meiner ' Gymnastik und den Spielen fur die Jugend.' Es dauert mich, dass ich dieses schone Exemple de modestie hier in ein Licht stellen muss, wo es aussieht wie ein Exemple d 'impudence."
P. 220. Durivier et Jauffret (see preceding note).
P. 228. Carl Heinitz. The full title is : "Unterricht in der Schwimmkunst, nach der in der k. k. Militar=Schwimmanstalt in Wien ein- gefiihrten Lehrmethode dargestellt vorziiglich zum Behufe des k. k. Militiirs, von Karl Heinitz, k. k. Major in der Armee. Nebst einem Hefte mit Abbildungen. Wien, 1816. Auf Kosten des Ver- fassers. (Jedruckt bey Anton Strauss," 8vo, pp. xiv, 2, 88, *2. 5 plates. The author states that he has mostly followed j
the excellent principles of Pfuel ; he has two
pages on preparatory instructions out of the
water.
P. 228. Mr. Thomas's account of Pfuel's pamphlet is very defective, and he values the author at a much lower rate than is usual. A little explanation will show that Pfuel deserves all the credit commonly given him. An excellent swimmer himself, he con- tinued to promote the art in his earlier years. by teaching and by his example to the end of a long life. Even after he had passed his- eightieth year, he used to swim matches in the Rhine (F. Lewald in an essay on old age in the Deutsche RundscJiau). Entering the Prussian army in 1797, and serving in the Austrian army from 1809 to 1812, he took during the latter period an active part in. teaching swimming and in establishing at Prague and Vienna large swimming institu- tions ; in 1817 he published a little tract in which he expounded his system. Both system and exposition are good : even now, any one who had been passed through such a. course would be a first-rate all-round swim- mer. Pfuel himself says (p. 5), and repeats the passage ten years later :
"Ein drei bis vier wochentliche griindliche Unterricht nach derjenigen Lehrart die hier ent- wikkelt werden soil, wird in den moisten Fallen hinreichen, um Schwimmer zu bilden die eine halbe Stunde ohne Ausruhen zu schwimmen, und mithin iiber die breitesten Strohme Deutschlands zu setzen, im Stande sind."
His pamphlet contains a systematic course for teachers :
" Der Unterricht zerfullt in 6 Abtheilungen, die- strenge von einander geschieden den Schiller zu immer griisserer Fertigkeit ausbilden."
According to Mr. Thomas, Pfuel begins by saying that " swimming had been much,
neglected the frog movement is best for
man." Unfortunately Pfuel does not begin in this way. Mr. Thomas's paragraph should not be in quotation marks : it gives only in an imperfect and incorrect manner some idea of the contents of Pfuel's first ten pages. As to the drill on land, see under Anmerk., the second edition, p. 18.
P. 236. P. H. Clias. The instructions for swimming on the side are not original, but literally translated from the first edition of Pfuel, p. 21. So far as I know, C. Wass- mannsdorff was the first to point out and to fully prove that Clias had copied Pfuel ('Neue Jahrbiicher fiir die Turnkunst/ vol. vii. pp. 104-9, Dresden, 1861). There seem to be some (probably printers') errors in both Pfuel and Clias ; for example, in the latter, p. 159, " The pupil is not placed in a perfectly
