n s. i. F EB . 5, mo.] NOTES AND QUERIES.
117
was, as far as I remember, the early half of |
the seventeenth century. These two lines
of it stick in my memory :
Earth in earth must up be shut ;
A Hill into a hole is put.
FRANK PENNY.
On the history of these lines Miss MURRAY would do well to consult all the references in 4 N. & Q.' : 1 S. vii. 498, 576 ; viii. 110, 353, 575 ; 3 S. i. 389 ; ii. 55 ; 4 S. ix. 67 ; 5 S. -xii. 389, 439, 499 ; 7 S. vii. 455, 496.
W. C. B.
BAKERS' SERVANTS, c. 1400 (10 S. xii. 427, 498 ; 11 S. i. 38). The following may serve to answer DR. SHARPE'S queries.
Cotgrave (1650) has :
" Fournier, a baker.
" Four, an oven.
" Fourneau, a little oven.
" Fournee de pain, a batch or oven full of bread."
Mayhew and Skeat, * Concise Diet. M.E.* <1888), say :
" Soure, adj., sour, acid. In combination : JSour-doui, leaven.
" Sour en, to sour."
The following passage from the ' Liber Niger Domus Regis Edw. IV.,* ' Ord. and Reg., 1 1790, p. 70, helps in the matter :
" One yoman furnour also In this office, making the weyght of brede, and to keepe the ballaunce, seasonyng the ovyn, and at the making of the levayne at every bache ; he shall trulye delyver into the brede-house, to be saufely kepte, the whole numbyr of his bache ; he shall nother waste nor geve this brede, but see that it be well seasoned, and saufe to the Kinge's behove, uppon payne of household."
The fourneur was thus the man in charge of the four, or oven ; the sowreur mixed the yeast or leaven with the flour ; and the white-hewe was probably the man who was responsible for cutting up the dough (or white ?) into the proper-sized pieces, so that the loaves turned out of the prescribed weight when baked.
There are many interesting details in the
- Liber Niger * regarding the " Office of
Bakehouse. n JOHN HODGKIN.
" ADOXOGRAPHY " : " DOXOGRAPHICAL " (10 S. xii. 387). The former word, with the still uglier *' adoxographical, n would seem to be of transatlantic origin. Some years B-go I drew attention (9 S. xi. 425) to the use of the adjective in an American periodical (The American Journal of Philology, xxiii. 393). The sentence which I then quoted confirms MR. MAYHEW'S surmise as^to the meaning.
I have made acquaintance with " doxo-
graphical n also in an American writer. In
the preface to Leonard's edition of the
fragments of Empedocles (Chicago, 1908)
the following sentence is to be found :
" The introduction and notes are intended merely to illustrate the text : they touch only incidentally on the doxographical material, and give thus by no means a complete account of all it is possible to know about Empedocles's philo- sophy."
The substantive " doxographer " likewise occurs more than once in the same book. The meaning presumably is " a writer on doctrine, " whether as historian or critic. But surely the words are not really required, and the forms are clumsy and cacophonous. They are not noticed in the ' N.E.D.*
ALEX. LEEPER. Trinity College, University of Melbourne.
GODFREY SYKES (11 S. i. 46). W. C. B. states, and no doubt correctly, that this artist was born in 1824. MR. JOHN COLLINS FRANCIS, in reviewing the history of The Cornhill Magazine (10 S. xii. 481), writes : " The cover was designed by Mr. Godfrey Sykes, a young student at South Kensing- ton, ?i Permit ; me, as a former pupil of Mr. Sykes's, to point out that, so far from being " a young student " in 1860, he was thirty-six years of age, and had then, for a considerable period, occupied the position of second master at the Sheffield School of Art. It was about that date he resigned the post, having accepted the position of chief designer and general controller of the internal decorations then recently begun at South Kensington Museum.
In The Sheffield Independent for April 19, 1902, amongst some personal recollections of my own relative to the local School of Art, there occurs the following reference to Godfrey Sykes :
" The Volunteer fever in Sheffield, being at ita height, we started a corps of Engineers in the old School, and selected the head master (young Mitchell) as our captain. That was in 1860. Well do I recollect how, down in the modelling room, some of us warlike-inclined young fellows who had our rifles (the Lancaster with an oval bore) with us (for we used to drill with them after school hours) used occasionally to relieve the monotony of clay-punching by practising the thrusts of the bayonet exercise upon an unfortu- nate human skeleton that, suspended from a brass nut screwed through the top of its brain-pan, hung in one corner of the room. Once while so engaged we were caught in the very act by Godfrey Sykes, the second master. Sykes, in his usual rather pompous and affected manner, gave us culprits a most withering look, and then sternly bade us to understand ' that institution was not instituted for displays of such unseemly
