ii s.x. SEPT. 26, 19H.] NOTES AND QUERIES.
255
was a romance. Julian is the patron saint
of travellers, boatmen, ferrymen, Liege
th;ifehers, and even of jugglers and strolling
musicians. FRANCIS P. MARCHANT.
Streatham.
St. Julian is supposed to be the patron protector of pilgrims and travellers. His history will be found in the ' Gesta Homanorum ' and elsewhere. He was a knight who found, on returning to his house one day, two persons asleep in his bed. Thinking his wife was unfaithful to him, he slew the supposed guilty pair forthwith, discovering afterwards that ho had killed his father and mother, who had travelled from a distant land to see him. He there- upon founded a hospital for travellers ; henre he acquired the name of " Hospitator " or the " Gude Herberjour."
ARCHIBALD SPARKE, F.K.S.L.
[L. L. K. who mentions the St. Julian dressed as a hermit and accompanied by a stag in the glass of Eouen Cathedral also thanked ior reply.]
CARLYLE'S 'PAST AND PRESENT' (11 S. x. 189). 1. Ben Jonson's words that Carlyle apparently had in mind are from ' Bartholo- mew Fair,' Act IV. sc. i., where Ezechiel Edgworth, the cutpurse, expresses his con- tempt for Bartholomew Cokes :
" Talk of him to have a soul ! 'heart, if he have any more than a thing given him instead of salt, only to keep him from stinking, I '11 be hang'd afore my time, presently."
The same thought appears again in ' The Devil is an Ass,' Act I. sc. iii. :
That you are the wife
To so much blasted flesh, as scarce hath soul, Instead of salt, to keep it sweet ; I think, Will ask no witnesses to prove.
EDWARD BENSLY. Reydon, Southwold, Suffolk.
BRITISH COINS AND STAMPS (11 S. x. 191, 235). In reply to your correspondent I beg to say :
1. The reversing of the head of the monarch in successive reigns on coins is merely customary ; it is not done for any special purpose. The custom originated about the time of James II., though on some of his coins his head is turned to the right, and on others to the left. Examples the tin halfpenny, head turned to the right ; crowns, half-crowns, and sixpences, h'>ad to the left.
2. The Soho Mint, Birmingham, in 1797 issued copper coins : twopenny piece, penny, mid halfpenny for circulation, and a few pattern farthings. It is on these coins that
the ship, a three-masted one, first appears.
The three-masted ship appeared on all
copper coins up to 1860, when the copper
currency of this country ceased, and a new
bronze coinage was substituted. The old
three-masted ship was moved from the left-
to the right-hand side, and on the left side
was added a lighthouse.
A. S. WHITFIELD. High Street, Walsall.
"STARTUPS" (11 S. ix. 151, 217, 276). Having given a reference (1607) which I could not place rightly, I wish to make amends by adding one sixteen years earlier :
1591. " His pompes [pumps] were a little too heame, being trimmed start-vps made of a paire of boote legges, tied before with two white leather thongs." ' Greene his Farewell to Follie,' D 4.
RICHARD H. THORNTON.
'ALMANACK DE GOTHA ' (11 S. x. 147, 198, 237). I regret I am unable to assist J. F. B. with a reply to the inquiry in the last paragraph of his communication at the first of the above references, but in view of the announcement at the second reference it may not be out of place if I put on record that I have upon my shelves a complete set of the above work from the year 1792 to 1878, both inclusive.
From 1792 to 1815 the ' Almanach de Gotha ' was published at Gotha by C. W. Ettinger. From 1816 to the close of my series it was issued by Justus Perthes, Gotha. The majority of the volumes from 1792 to 1843 inclusive are in cases, but those for 1802 to 1804, both inclusive, are in pocket-book form, with a tuck-in flap.
Up to and including 1848 my copies are all in German ; 1849 is in French ; 1850 in German ; and 1851 to 1878, both inclusive, are again in the French language.
The volume for 1843 is the last issued in a case, 1844 onwards being uniformly bound in cloth. All the volumes up to 1 870 are practically of one height, except those for 1814 and '1815, which are slightly taller. Volumes since 1870 are both higher and thicker.
Until 1831 inclusive all kinds of illustra- tions appear (for particulars v. ' Histoire de 1'Almanach de Gotha,' p. xv et seq. in th^ volume for 1863), but from 1832 onwards the illustrations have been limited to por- traits of notable characters of the times.
The volume for 1816 is the first which makes any allusion to the number it bears in the series. It is announced as that for the fifty-third year, which corresponds with the statement that the ' Almanach de Gotha '
