(not Lady) C. Mackenzie, and apparently went to live in Jersey, where, about 1780, was born his son, who became Vicar of Floore 1815. The father was possibly son of the "polished" Dr. Th. Tarpley of Lunenburg, in Virginia. {[sc}}
The Newspaper Placard (11 S. xii. 483).—I cannot say when newspapers first began to issue placards announcing their principal contents; but such method of advertising is obviously a mere development of the use of the posters which were common in pre-newspaper days. The first posters were properly so called. They were notices pasted on the posts which once separated the footpath from the roadway—or at all events indicated where the footpath might be supposed to be. These bills on posts are often alluded to in seventeenth-century literature. In 1567 Londoners seem to have taken great interest in the whereabouts of certain Flemings who had fled from Flanders; and Stowe mentions that on the morning of May 4, "beyng Sonday," bills against the fugitives, adorned significantly "with gallowsys, and, as it were, hangynge of Flemyngs drawne in the same papars or bylls," were found "fyxed on postes abowte the citie," to the great excitement of the passers-by. Plays were announced in the same way. Pepys says he went out to see what play was to be acted, but found none upon the post because it was Passion week. New books and pamphlets were announced by these early posters. Gay winds up his 'Trivia' with a couplet, in the spirit of his friend, and everybody's friend, Horace, in praise of his own work:–
High raised on Fleet-street posts, consigned to fame,
This work shall shine, and walkers bless my name.
All kinds of advertisements were similarly posted, as well as police notices and descriptions of criminals. Hermione, in 'The Winter's Tale,' says that her guilt has been proclaimed "on every post." The newspaper placard is one of the innumerable modern developments of an old practice. G. L. Apperson.
Hagiography of Cyprus (11 S. xii. 460).—Can Pakhou be a form of Pakhom (Pachomius), so greatly venerated in neighbouring Egypt? I suspect that many of the others, especially if local saints, will be very difficult to identify. Some help might be obtained if the date of the saint's festa could be ascertained by local inquiry. S. G.
"All's fair in love and war" (11 S. xi. 151, 198; xii. 380, 446).—Whoever first formulated this sentiment may be supposed, like the Eatanswill Gazette reviewer of the work on Chinese metaphysics, to have "combined his information." For the separate notions that all is fair in war and that all is fair in love must have been current in very early times. When Virgil makes Æneas cry ('Æn.,' ii. 390),
Dolus an virtus, quis in hoste requirat?
a commentator tries to affiliate the thought to Pindar's
(
Greek characters)
Dr. James Henry in his entertaining if discursive 'Æneidea' quotes (vol. ii. p. 197) from Casti, 'Animali Parlanti,' xi. 4,
Vincasi per virtude, ovver per frode,
E sempre il vincitor degno di lode;
and, after giving the words from Ammianus Marcellinus, xvii. 5, in which the Persian king Sapor is represented as reproaching the Romans for drawing no distinction before "virtus" and "dolus," adds:—
"Innocent Sapor! how little he knew about 'virtus ' or 'dolus'! that never man lived who had not one 'virtus,' as one 'dolus,' for his friends, and another 'virtus,' as another 'dolus,' for his enemies."
That all is fair in love has been expressed by Ovid in
Juppiter ex alto periuria ridet amantum, &c.
and, before him, by Tibullus, iv. 21,
Nee iurare time: Veneris periuria uenti
Irrita per terras et freta summa ferunt;
and that love is warfare finds expression in Ovid's
Militat omnis amans.
Anastatic Printing (11 S. xii. 359, 403,. 443).—The following extract from 'The Repertory of Arts,' 1832, pp. 401-2, shows that the invention ascribed to Appel (Woods' Patent Specn. 10,219 of 1844) is of much earlier date. Though the two processes are not identical, the similarity between them is very close. The extract runs:—
"A new process has been discovered and brought into use at Brussels, whereby French books and journals may be printed with great facility and accuracy. It consists of an operation, by which, in less than half an hour, the whole of the letterpress upon a printed sheet may be transferred to a lithographic stone, leaving the paper a complete blank. By means of a liquid the letters transferred to the stone, are brought out in relief within the space of another hour, and
