12 s. i. APRIL is, 1916.] NOTES AND QUERIES.
vol. ii. p. 513). He was successively Per-
petual Curate of Holy Trinity in Oldland,
and Kingswood, Gloucestershire, 1833 ;
Chaplain of the Union and House of Industry,
and Curate of St. Paul's, Bedford ; Perpetual
Curate of Elstow, Beds; and Rector of
St. Cuthbert's, Bedford, 1849, until his
death April 25, 1852 (Gent. Mag. June, 1852,
p. 632). He published 'A Memoir of
Mrs. S. Budgett. . . .including extracts from her letters and journals,' 12mo, London, 1840 ; * Doctrinal and Practical Sermons on Miscellaneous Subjects,' 8vo, Bristol, 1844.
DANIEL HIPWELL. 84 St. John's Wood Terrace, N.W.
" PARAPET "= FOOTPATH (12 S. i. 190). The ' N.E.D.' gives it as used in " Chester, Liverpool, and the district from Crewe to Lancaster, but disappearing eastward." I think, from my own observation, that this is substantially correct. It is frequently used in Chester. In a debate in the Town Council last December, Alderman said :
"If a fall of snow occurred, they wanted each householder to see that it was swept from the house fronts into the street, and the parapets made decent for passers-by." Chester Courant, Dec. 22,
JOSEPH C. BRIDGE. Chester.
" Parapet " is used in the sense of a footpath in North Wales. I have heard it used thus in Rhyl and the neighbourhood.
M.A.OxoN.
Jiobs 0n
A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, (Vol. X.) Turndun Tzirid. By Sir James A. H. Murray. (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 2s. 6d. net.)
THIS section completes the letter T, and, accord- ingly, has subjoined to it a preface to the letter as a whole from the pen of Dr. Craigie. We learn that in respect of the number of words beginning with it T comes fourth in the alphabet, after S, P, and C. It needs not much reflection to realize that this group comprises a large pro- portion of highly interesting words, whether we look to those of English or to those of French, Latin, or Greek origin. We learn that the entries under T run to 27,514 ; and that the illustrative quotations average just about four apiece. Among the names of those to whom the editors are indebted for assistance on special points in this part of the great Dictionary, we noticed our contributors Sir Willoughby Maycock, Canon Fowler, " Q. V.," and the Bev. C. B. Mount. A worker who has been engaged upon this letter almost continuously from 1881 to 1910, arranging and sub-editing three sections of it, and then revising the whole, is the Bev. W. B. B. Wilson of Dollar. Something short of half of the section before us had been seen in type by Sir James Murray, whose lamented death
took place last July ; and much of the remainder
had been put together and considered by him.
The unfinished work was completed by the staff
of the Scriptorium under the editorial supervision
of Dr. Craigie.
" Turndun," the word with which the section begins, is native Australian, denoting the instru- ment perhaps more familiar by its name " bull- roarer." From this to the end of Tu- the great majority of the words are of French or Latin, derivation, the stem " turn " itself furnishing several points of great interest. Thus there are two good quotations from Trevisa, where the Septuagint appear as " the Seuenty Tourneris (torneres or turneres) " ; and soon after comes the meaning "a three-year-old seal," to be fol- lowed by the historical sense of " turner " as a Scotch twopenny piece a sense in which " turnover " was also erroneously used. " Turnip " furnishes an excellent and entertaining article. The compilers have not missed the sixteenth-century " turnkind," an unsuccessful attempt to english " transubstantiation." We naturally looked with expectation to " turnpike " one of the most important historical words in the section and found it all one could wish. ' In regard to the second element in the word the Dictionary, we note, does not profess to say exactly what was originally meant by it suggest- ing that, to begin with, the " pike " was a vertical construction. " Turnsole " is another interesting word, well illustrated ; we marked " turpentine '* as particularly good, close-packed with informa- tion ; two curious words though of very different quality are " turpeth " and " turpid." The latter odd formation is quoted three times from Bose's translations from Virgil and Ovid (1866),. but is also found (1623) in Cockeram. " Turquoise " has a long history of many forms ; that now in common use was adopted, we are told, before 1600, though, alongside of it, " turkis " and one or two other forms held their own for a while " turkis " itself being found in Tennyson. From a London Gazette of 1679 comes : " Lost. . . .a Bing- with a large Turquoies of the Old Bock, very- good colour." Under " turret " we have a note on the etymology of the slightly earlier distinct word .'" torret " (summit of a hill), which is to be considered an adaptation of O.F. turet, hill. The dates of first appearance of many of these words are interesting. Thus " tussore " silk seems to have been found as occurring first in 1619 ; and one of the oldest if not the oldest word here is "tush" for "tusk " (c. 725). "Tush" is also- quoted from Bond's ' Gothic Architecture ' (1905) in the sense of " tuss "=" one of a series of bricks or stones forming a projecting course for the attach- ment of an additional structure." The latter is ex- plained by Baine in 1834, but no quotation for the word is given between that date and 1412 ; it seems an attempt to fish a word directly up out of the remote past. " Tutor " is noteworthy, especially in its university senses, the history of which is succinctly given. " Tutenag " (with an extraordinary conglomeration of forms working out to " toothanegg ") ; " tutsan " ; " tutoyer " (quoted first from Dennis, ' Plot and No Plot/ 1697); and" tuyere," with the old-fashioned, childish word for nosegay, " tuzzy-muzzy," may illustrate the rest of Tu.
The Tw- words are mostly English, and many of them of obscure and it may be presumed of echoic or onomatopoeic origin. " Tweedledee '*
