9* s. V.MARCH 24, i9oo.] NOTES AND QUERIES.
233
1710, married 20 December, 1729), daughter
of Eugene Marc de Bethizy, Marquis de
Mezieres, by Eleanor Mary Theresa Ogle-
thorpe. The princess was at one time Dame
de Palais to the Queen of Spain, and was
living in 1774.
La Marechale de Luxembourg. Widow of Charles Frai^ois de Montrnorency-Luxem- bouraj, Due de Piney-Luxembourg, Peer and Marechal of France (he died 18 May, 1764). She was his second wife (married 29 June, 1750), and was Madeleine Arigelique de Neu- ville, sister of the Due de Villeroi, and widow of Joseph Marie, Due de Boufflers. She was living in 1775.
Princesse de Talmond was the wife (married 29 October, 1730) of Anne Charles Frederic de la Trernoille, Prince de Talmond (a branch of De la Tremoille, Due de Thouars and Prince of Tarentum). She was Marie Jablo- nowski, daughter of John, Count of Jablo- uowski, "Grand Eriseigne de la Couronne de Pologne," Palatine of Reussen, by Jeanne Marie de Bethune Chabris.
The Duchesse de la Valliere was the wife of Louis Cesar de la Baume le Blanc, Due de la Valliere (he died 16 November, 1780), a descendant of Louise de la Valliere's first cousin, to whom she assigned her "duche- pairie " of La Valliere. She was Anne Julie FranQoise de Crussol, daughter of Jean Charles de Crussol, Due d'Uzes, by his second wife, Anne Marie Marguerite de Bullion. She was born 11 December, 1713, married 19 February, 1742, and was living 1771.
H. L. O.
Madeleine Angelique de Neufville- Villeroi, Marquise de Boufflers et Duchesse de Luxem- bourg, was married in 1722, and died two years before the outbreak of the French Revolution. T. P. ARMSTRONG.
Timperley.
"PETIGREWE" (9 th S. v. 49, 117, 172). PROF. SKEAT should have mentioned the fact that the 'Promptorium Parvulorum,' 1440 ; to which he refers, defines a pedigree as "stemma in scalis," a lineage in steps, the definition being taken from an Italian lexicographer who flourished in the twelfth century. He has quoted this definition in his larger diction- ary, but made no comment upon it. The objection to PROF. SKEAT'S etymology is that a pedigree was not drawn in the shape of a " crane's foot," nor were the several genera- tions connected by " three short lines radiat- ing from a common centre." A symbol like a "broad arrow" or crane's foot would do very well for the purpose of showing, in a brief form, the descent of three children from
the same parent, or as a general indication
that a parent left issue surviving him or her,
but otherwise it would be of no use.
In his 'Villainage in England,' p. 143, Prof. Vinogradoff says :
" Pedigrees were drawn up to prevent any fraudulent assertion as to freedom, and to guide the lord in case he wanted to use the native's kin in prosecution of an action de nativo habendo. One sucli pedigree preserved in the Record Office is especially interesting, because it starts from some stranger, extraneus, who came into the manor as a freeman, and whose progeny lapses into personal villainage."
In the appendix (p. 440) he gives the pedi- gree itself, which was drawn about the year 1300, and is very elaborate. The crane's-foot theory is not applicable to this document, because, to give a single instance, one parent has ten children. A reference to the pedigree itself will show that it is drawn in "steps" like a modern pedigree, except that the root of descent is not placed at the top, but on the left side. A table of affinity in a church might have been drawn in a similar form. Such a table might have begun with the words "a man may not marry his" on the left ride, the prohibited degrees on the right side being included in a long bracket.
On philological grounds alone a good case for the crane's-foot theory has been made out. But the historical evidence is against it, and it is too much to say that the etymo- logy of pedigree " is now known."
S. O. ADDY.
Mr. J. H. Round's article on 'The Earliest Pedigree' in the Genealogist, New Series, iv. 65, should be read, and the Indexes of the 3 rd and 6 fch Series of ' N. & Q.' referred to. The crane's foot is well represented by the symbol 4- used by printers to indicate issue not followed up in pedigrees. How came " Pettigrew " to be a surname ? A. S. E.
Westminster.
PROF. SKEAT refers to this word, and points out that its origin was shown by Mr. C. Sweet five years ago. I gave this derivation in ' How to Write the History of a Family' in 1895 ; but I did not discover the derivation. Mr. J. H. Round some years before, writing in the Genealogist, pointed out the origin of the word from a crane's foot, and states that in Madox's ' Formularium ' it is spelt pedicru as early as 1411. W. P. W. PHILLIMORE.
ALUM TRADE (9 th S. v. 188).' The Past and Present History of the Alum Trade,' by J. Carter Bell, F.C.S. (see Chemical Neivs, vol. xii., 1865). See also articles in Ure's 'Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and
