valley. Just how much of Ohio river history dates from this interglacial origin, it is yet impossible to determine, but the character of the topography along the river, everywhere between Rochester, Pa., and Cincinnati, O., (below which the writer has not studied it), would lead to the conclusion that all this portion of the river is new, and that the conclusions of Prof. Tight, of Denison University, Granville, O., are well maintained, viz: that in pre-glacial times the waters of the Muskingum, Scioto, and other rivers of Ohio, all flowed northward into the lake Erie system.
This being true, it would follow as a corollary that all of the West Virginia rivers which rise on the western slope of the Allegheny mountain-divide, including the Little and Big Kanawhas, and the Big Sandy, must have once gone northward in pre-glacial times and joined the Scioto, Muskingum, and other Ohio streams in their northward course, right athwart the present valley of the Ohio, but on a plane probably 200 to 300 feet above the present rock tloor of the Ohio. The search for these former high level valleys north from the Ohio, as bisected by it, is reserved for a future chapter, and it is possible that therein may be found an explanation of the old and abandoned high level Teazes valley, which does not admit of the explanation suggested by Prof. William M. Davis, in a recent number of "Science," viz: stream piracy of Coal river by the Great Kanawha, because the old valley in question is filled with transported boulders and gravel that could have come only from the crystalline rocks of the Blue Ridge in Virginia, and hence the Kanawha itself must once have flowed along Teazes valley, and been captured by another stream which led it northward to the newly cut Ohio valley, at Point Pleasant.
If the conclusions here inferred could be fully sustained by further study of the Ohio river system, it will be readily perceived that a pre-glacial drainage map of Pennsylvania. Ohio. West Virginia, and Kentucky would bear very little resemblance to a map of the present drainage, for if the Monongahela, Lower and Upper Allegheny once went northward into the lake Erie basin, there can be no doubt that the Upper Susquehanna also took this northward route to the sea, in pre-glacial times, and that much of its present course through Penn-
