2. The vowel a is implicit after all consonants and consonant clusters and is supplied in transliteration, with the following exceptions:
a) when another vowel is indicated by its appropriate sign; and
b) when the absence of any vowel is indicated by the subscript sign ( ୍ ) called hasanta.
3. ବ is used both as a labial and as a semivowel. When it occurs as the second consonant of a consonant cluster, it is transliterated va. When ବ is doubled, it is transliterated bba.
4. Exception: Anusvāra is transliterated by:
a) ṅ before gutturals,
b) ñ before palatals,
c) ṇ before cerebrals,
d) n before dentals, and
e) m before labials.
5. Candrabindu before guttural, palatal, cerebral, and dental occlusives is transliterated n̐. Before labials, sibilants, semivowels, the aspirate, vowels, and in final position it is transliterated m̐.
6. When doubled, abagraha is transliterated by two apostrophes ( ’’ ).
