565, 578, we said: "The prohibition against suing the State or any officer representing her, in chancery, must be confined to such suits as seek to charge the State with some liability or duty, or to hold her or her officers as trustees of effects in their hands. Such and such only was the object of the statute. It would open the way to intolerable tyranny to exempt officers of the State from injunctions to restrain them from illegal though colorable acts of authority."
The suit in the McConnell case was not, as the court now holds, a suit against the State to enforce the specific performance of her contract. Not at all; but it was a suit against the officers to restrain them from illegal and unauthorized acts to the injury of the rights of the Brick Company under the contracts, acts which were not only wrongful, but without even any color of authority. "The injunction," says the court in the McConnell case, "is not against the State, but against the defendants to restrain them from going beyond their powers. No order of the court can be against the State, nor against the defendants to compel them to perform those duties as officers and agents of the State." Mr. Rose, in his Code of Federal Procedure, says: "The distinction running through all the cases is between preventive and affirmative relief; between those cases in which State action is sought to be restrained by proceedings against State officers and those in which some affirmative though legal and proper act of the State is sought to be compelled. The 11th Amendment does not shield State officers in the performance of unlawful acts, though prescribed by State law; but it protects the State against compulsion in the performance of its sovereign functions, against the enforcement of a liability ex contractu or ex delicto, against direct proceedings for the recovery of property held by the State through its officers." "The cases," says he, "in which by mandamus or other writ State officers have been compelled to perform certain acts at the suit of individuals injured are no exception to this rule, since the foundation of the relief is the wrong of fie officers in disobeying or maladministering the State law, and not the wrong committed by the State." 1 Rose, Code Fed. Procedure, pp. 50, 51 and numerous cases cited.
This is precisely the distinction we made in the McConnell case, and the failure of my brother judges to observe it in the
