most powerful.[1] When late in April or early in May[2] Antony advanced to the Euphrates, contrary to expectations he found the whole region carefully guarded; but, since he was following the plan of invasion laid out by Caesar[3] rather than that of Crassus, this made little difference. Since in any case he needed the cavalry to be furnished by his northern allies, he turned up the Euphrates, passed through Zeugma (near modern Biredjik, Turkish Birecik, which is the ancient Apamea; see p. 83, n. 46), and at some point, perhaps Carana (Erzurum), met the auxiliaries and held a review of the troops.[4]
The total forces under Antony's command numbered about a hundred thousand men, divided as follows: sixty thousand legionaries (sixteen legions), ten thousand Iberian and Celtic cavalry, and thirty thousand allies, both horsemen and light-armed, including seven thousand foot and six thousand horse
- ↑ Dio Cass. xlix. 25; Plut. Antony 37; cf. Strabo xi. 13. 4 and xvi. 1. 28.
- ↑ Kromayer, "Kleine Forschungen zur Geschichte des zweiten Triumvirats," Hermes, XXXI (1896), 92 ff.; Holmes, op. cit., pp. 225 f. Günther, Beitrdge, p. 55, makes it the middle of April; cf. also J. Kromayer and G. Veith, Schlachten-Atlas zur antiken Kriegsgeschichte (Leipzig, 1922–29), Röm. Abt., Blatt 24:7. Florus ii. 20. 2 states that Antony made no declaration of war.
- ↑ Suet. Julius 44.
- ↑ On the route followed see Kromayer, op. cit., pp. 70–86; Holmes, op. cit., pp. 124 f. and 223–25 (with bibliographical notes). Cf. Theodor Mommsen, The Provinces of the Roman Empire (tr. by W. P. Dickson; New York, 1906), II, 30–34, and Delbruck, Geschichte der Kriegskunst, I, 478–81.
