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POLITICAL HISTORY OF PARTHIA

Cappadocia, Lesser Armenia, and Galatia were placed under one governor with military headquarters at Melitene. Apparently there were no legions in Cappadocia at the beginning of Vespasian's reign, and he was the first to station legions there.^[1] The legions for this district were the XII Fulminata and at least one other, probably the XVI Flavia.

The invasion of Parthian territory by the Alani, a nomadic tribe of the north, occurred about a.d. 72.^[2] They advanced from their territory near Lake Maeotis (the Sea of Azov),^[3] secured an alliance with the king of the now independent Hyrcania,^[4] and passed

↑ Suet. Vespasian 8. 4; Tac. Hist. ii. 81; S. E. Stout, "L. Antistius Rusticus," Class. Philol., XXI (1926), 49. PW, art. "Legio" (pub. 192425), contains nearly all of the evidence available on the subject.
↑ Josephus Bell. vii. 244–51 and Ant. xviii. 97; Suet. Domitian 2. 2; Dio Cass, lxv (lxvi. 15. 3); perhaps Lucan De bell. civ. viii. 223. Suggested dates for the invasion run from 72 to 74; see B. Niese, "Zur Chronologie des Josephus," Hermes, XXVIII (1893), 209–11, a.d. 73; Emil Schürer, Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, I (Leipzig, 1901), 639, n. 139, a.d. 72; E. Täubler, "Zur Geschichte der Alanen," Klio, IX (1909), 18, a.d. 72 or 73; Rostovtzeff, Iranians and Greeks in S. Russia, p. 118, a.d. 73–74; R. P. Longden, "Notes on the Parthian Campaigns of Trajan," JRS, XXI (1931), 23, and Josef Markwart, "Iberer und Hyrkanier," Caucasica, VIII (1931), 80, a.d. 72.
↑ There have been numerous attempts to emend the text of Josephus, especially on the basis of early translations of the Chinese sources; see Täubler, op. cit., pp. 18 ff. More recent work on these same sources makes it probable that Josephus was correct, as Gutschmid, Geschichte Irans, p. 133, recognized; see Hirth, "Story of Chang K'ién," JAOS, XXXVII (1917), 96. J. Saint-Martin, "Discours sur l'origine et l'histoire des Arsacides," JA, I (1822), 65–77, believed the original Parthian invasion was similar in character to that of such peoples as the Alani.
↑ Josephus Bell. vii. 245.

[1] Suet. Vespasian 8. 4; Tac. Hist. ii. 81; S. E. Stout, "L. Antistius Rusticus," Class. Philol., XXI (1926), 49. PW, art. "Legio" (pub. 192425), contains nearly all of the evidence available on the subject.

[2] Josephus Bell. vii. 244–51 and Ant. xviii. 97; Suet. Domitian 2. 2; Dio Cass, lxv (lxvi. 15. 3); perhaps Lucan De bell. civ. viii. 223. Suggested dates for the invasion run from 72 to 74; see B. Niese, "Zur Chronologie des Josephus," Hermes, XXVIII (1893), 209–11, a.d. 73; Emil Schürer, Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, I (Leipzig, 1901), 639, n. 139, a.d. 72; E. Täubler, "Zur Geschichte der Alanen," Klio, IX (1909), 18, a.d. 72 or 73; Rostovtzeff, Iranians and Greeks in S. Russia, p. 118, a.d. 73–74; R. P. Longden, "Notes on the Parthian Campaigns of Trajan," JRS, XXI (1931), 23, and Josef Markwart, "Iberer und Hyrkanier," Caucasica, VIII (1931), 80, a.d. 72.

[3] There have been numerous attempts to emend the text of Josephus, especially on the basis of early translations of the Chinese sources; see Täubler, op. cit., pp. 18 ff. More recent work on these same sources makes it probable that Josephus was correct, as Gutschmid, Geschichte Irans, p. 133, recognized; see Hirth, "Story of Chang K'ién," JAOS, XXXVII (1917), 96. J. Saint-Martin, "Discours sur l'origine et l'histoire des Arsacides," JA, I (1822), 65–77, believed the original Parthian invasion was similar in character to that of such peoples as the Alani.

[4] Josephus Bell. vii. 245.

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