from 1508 singer, then about 1532-60 choirmaster in the Chapel, and a strong writer (works from 1529). Pierre Colin, singer in the Chapel in 1532-6, was later choirmaster at Autun (masses and motets from 1541). Pierre Certon (d. 1572), a pupil of Des Près, had the name of being one of the best writers of the day (works from 1540).
Clément Janequin, also a pupil of Des Près, is entirely unknown except from his many striking chansons, over 200 in number (1529-59), many of which bear descriptive or pictorial titles like 'La bataille,' 'La chasse au cerf,' 'Le caquet des femmes,' 'L'alouette,' etc., introducing a new element of depiction into composition.
Jacob Arcadelt (d.c. 1560), who has already been noted at Rome (sec. 58), much more celebrated than the foregoing, spent the last years of his life at Paris as royal musician, leaving some motets and masses (1545-57).
François Eustache du Caurroy (d. 1609), born near Beauvais in 1549, was in the Chapel from about 1568 for 40 years, perhaps as choirmaster throughout. His extant works (from 1569) are few and not equal to his reputation; they include a Requiem which for a century was the only one used for the kings of France.
Claudin Lejeune (d.c. 1600) was court-composer toward the end of the century. It has been thought that he resigned on account of his Huguenot opinions, but this is uncertain. His works (from 1564) are mostly chansons and madrigals, except his settings of metrical Psalms, which are important in early Calvinistic music.
Lesser names are Jean Courtois, choirmaster at Cambrai in 1539 (works from 1529), Pierre Cadeac of Auch (works from 1556), and Guillaume Belin (d. 1568), singer in the Chapel about 1547 (chansons from 1539).
Among the renowned lutists of the century who published music for their instrument were Orance Finé (d. 1555), with two books (1529-30); Alberto da Rippa (d. c. 1550), court-lutist from 1537 or earlier, with pieces from 1536 and two books (1553, '62, each 6 parts); Guillaume Morlaye, with three books (1552-8); Adrien Le Roy (d. 1599), the publisher, with several books of his own, an instruction-book and very many valuable collections (from 1551); and Jean Antoine de Baïf (d. 1589), a much-traveled Venetian who about 1566 gave popular concerts at Paris, with several books (1562-80).
The Swiss Reformation, beginning before 1520 at Zurich
under Zwingli, won the adherence of the Frenchman Calvin
before 1530 and about 1535 came under the latter's leadership
at Geneva, which was thenceforth the fountainhead of
Protestantism in western Europe. Before 1550, Calvinists or
Huguenots became numerous in France. They increased in
power so rapidly that from 1562 for thirty-five years civil war
between them and the dominant Catholic party went on, including
in 1572 the notorious Massacre of St. Bartholomew,
and closing in 1598 with the granting of toleration by the
Edict of Nantes. The musical influence of the Huguenot
