- tained, and drawing out special compositions of various kinds.
In particular, the enterprising efforts of Berlioz, Kastner, Wagner and Liszt expanded the whole range of orchestral art, bringing into view many novelties in construction, execution and expressive application. The gains in color, variety, tonal breadth and emotional impressiveness were in many cases of the utmost value. Practically all the resources of the most modern orchestra were developed before 1865, and their use in dramatic, symphonic, chamber and solo works made clear.
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Fig. 109.—Sarrusophones.
Reference has already been made (sec. 183) to the improvements and
novelties introduced from about 1830 by Böhm of Munich (d. 1881), Sax of
Brussels and Paris (d. 1894) and Wieprecht of Berlin (d. 1872). Another
important creator of instruments was the Bohemian Václav František Červený
of Königgrätz (d. 1896), who for 30 years
from 1844 not only invented a long series of
notable brass wind-instruments, but greatly
improved the mechanism and shape of several
forms already in use (including the timpani).
His favorite invention was the waldhorn group.
He set up a factory which has furnished instruments
to leading military bands everywhere. In
1863 the French bandmaster Sarrus matched
the saxophone with the 'sarrusophone'—a
brass instrument with an oboe mouthpiece—which
has been made in a variety of sizes.
These newer brass instruments have not as
yet been specially useful in the concert-orchestra,
but they have increased the resources of
the military band. The composite instrument
now known as the 'orchestrion' was developed
out of earlier experiments in 1851 by Friedrich Theodor Kaufmann of Dresden (d. 1872).
Celebrated flutists of the period were Jean Rémusat of London and Paris (d. 1880); Giulio Briccialdi of London (d. 1881); Franz Doppler (d. 1883), chiefly of Vienna, who also wrote several operas (from 1847); his brother Karl Doppler of Pesth and Stuttgart (d. 1900); Joseph Henri Altès of Paris (d. 1899); Ernst Wilhelm Heinemeyer of Hanover and St. Petersburg (d. 1869); and Wilhelm Barge of Detmold and Leipsic.
Among the oboists were Apollon Barret of Paris (d. 1879); Antoine Joseph Lavigne of London (d. 1886); and Franz Xaver Jelinek of Salzburg (d.
