Of a different class from the foregoing was Franz Abt (d. 1885). Born in 1819 and trained at Leipsic, from 1841 he was theatre- and chorus-conductor at Zurich, where later he was slightly connected with Wagner. From 1852 for 30 years he was court-conductor at Brunswick. He wrote over 3000 songs and part-songs, mostly simple and popular, but with a naïve grace that has made them generally admired.
Adolf Jensen (d. 1879) belongs to a later generation, being born at Königsberg in 1837. He was precocious as a composer. In 1856 he taught in Russia, hoping later to study with Schumann. After serving as conductor at Posen, in 1858-60 he studied with Gade, and in 1866-8 taught at Berlin. But his health was feeble and he was forced to try different residences, finally dying of consumption. His works include about 160 solo songs, many concerted vocal works, some orchestral pieces and many beautiful piano works. His style belongs to the Schumann order, with a peculiar strain of rich feeling and tonal warmth.
To these greater names may be added some others out of the multitude of those who were fertile in songs of various kinds:—
Among the Germans and Austrians were Joseph Dessauer (d. 1876), living mostly at Vienna; Ernst Friedrich Kauffmann of Ludwigsburg (d. 1856), writing while in prison for political radicalism; the Bavarian Karl Krebs (d. 1880), from 1827 opera-conductor at Hamburg and in 1850-72 at Dresden; Karl Friedrich Curschmann of Berlin (d. 1841); Friedrich Wilhelm Kucken (d. 1882), in 1851-61 at Stuttgart and later at Schwerin; Wilhelm Heiser of Berlin (d. 1897); Karl Eckert (d. 1879), from 1853 at Vienna, from 1861 at Stuttgart and from 1869 at Berlin; Justus Wilhelm Lyra (d. 1882), a clergyman famous for his student-songs; and the Weimar masters Liszt (d. 1886) and Lassen (d. 1904).
Among Italians who cultivated the popular song were the Neapolitans Guglielmo Luigi Cottrau (d. 1847), Luigi Bordese (d. 1886), and Nicola de Giosa (d. 1885); the Tuscan Luigi Gordigiani (d. 1860); the Florentine Ciro Pinsuti (d. 1888); the Roman teacher Leopoldo Mililotti; and many others.
Other national strains of expression were represented by the Frenchmen Auguste Mathieu Panseron (d. 1859), and Gustave Nadaud (d. 1893); the Russians Alexander Alabjew (d. 1851), Alexis Werstowski (d. 1862), and Nicolai Titow (d. 1875); the Pole Stanislaw Moniuszko (d. 1872); the Swede Adolf Fredrik Lindblad (d. 1878), and the Norwegian Halfdan Kjerulf (d. 1868); the Hungarian Franz Erkel (d. 1893); the Bohemians Joseph Nesvadba (d. 1876), and Ludwig Prochazka (d. 1888); and the Greek Spiridion Xyndas (d. 1896).
223. Music in England.—The great feature within the English
circle during this middle period was the impress of Mendelssohn,
exerted through repeated visits between 1830 and 1846. His
magnetic influence did much to bring the English public into
touch with some phases of the musical life of Europe and to
