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Ch.X. Sec.IL] Patents. 179 whole merit and effect produced are the saving of time and expense, and thereby lowering the price of the article, may- be said to be new manufactures, in one of the common accep- tations of the word, and agreeable to the spirit and meaning of the Act." To the same effect it was observed by Abbott, C J. in the King v, Wheeler [a that " the word ' manufac- tures' has been generally understood, to denote either a thing made, which is useful for its own sake, and vendible as such, as a machine, a stove, a telescope, and many others, or to mean an engine or instrument, or some part of an engine or instrument, to be employed either in the making of some pre- viously known article, or in some other useful purpose, as a stocking-frame, or a steam-engine for raising water from mines. Or it may perhaps extend also to a new process to be carried on by known implements or elements, acting upon known sub- stances, and ultimately producing some other known substance, but producing it in a cheaper and more expeditious manner or of a better and more useful kind." And in Edgeberry v. Stephens {b the words " new devices" are substituted and used as synonymous with the words " new manufactures." The novelty of the invention for which the patent is obtained is indispensable to its validity; but the patent is good, though, in inventions through the medium of mechanism, the materials used I)e well Jcnouon, and have been used before, if the arrange- ment or combination of them be new, that is, produce a new ef- fect : but in such case the patent must be for the compound article, and not for the old materials or ingredients of which it is made (c). So a material and useful addition to, or improvement of, an old article is considered as a new manufacture ; consequently, also, the subject of a patent {d). And a patent for an improve- ment of a thing, or for the thing improved, is in substance the same [e). The patent however must not be more extensive than the invention (f) ; consequently one for an improvement only, must not extend to the whole of the old article, but be (a) 2 Barnew and AW. 349. son. BnU Nis. Pri. 76, c. Bridgm. ed. {b) 2Salk. 447. {<?) Mr. Justice Heath, in Boulton (c) Ibid. 2 H. B. 487. Lord Ellen- and Watt v. Bull. 2 H. B. 481, 2. borough in Huddart r. Grimsh aw. Da- (/) Mr. Justice Buller, in the Kincr vies on Pat. 267, 8, 9. 2 Marshall, 211. i;. Else. See Bui. Nis. Pri. 76, d. 11 (rf) Lord Mansfield in Morris V. Bran- East's R. 109, note. N 2 confined