boiling carbon. The most modern determinations give this temperature of the crater as about 3300—3500 C.[1]
If this is the true boiling point of carbon, it is then clear that solar physicists must find some other substance than solid carbon particles to form the photospheric clouds in the sun, as the temperature of this layer is most probably not below 8000 C.,[2] unless, indeed, the pressure in the solar atmosphere is sufficient to raise the boiling point of carbon to about this temperature (see p. 381). It is in order to throw some light on this subject that these experiments were undertaken.
The gas used in our first experiments was nitrogen, and we found that the radiation from the crater fell off in a most remarkable manner whenever the pressure was raised in the box surrounding the arc. This falling off was not due to any very large extent to visible cloud or smoke, and the crater seemed so much reduced in temperature as to glow with only a red heat. This seemed to show that the temperature of the crater depends on how much it is cooled by the surrounding gas, and not on its being the temperature at which the vapour of carbon has the same pressure as the surrounding atmosphere.
It was found that we were limited to pressures not exceeding about 20 atmos., as at this pressure we could not withdraw the negative carbon sufficiently to see into the crater without the arc breaking. We were then only able to obtain a current from a battery of accumulators which had an E.M.F. of 110 volts. Since then we obtained a Crompton dynamo which could give 300 volts and 15 amperes, and which was driven by a turbine.
From the great difficulty of obtaining a sufficient quantity of pure nitrogen under pressure, we obtained a 20 ft. cylinder of air compressed to 120 atmos. With this we tried a series of experiments, and these at first seemed to corroborate our former ones, in which we used nitrogen, but we found that at any rate some of the radiation, and possibly a great deal of it, was cut off by the formation of what appeared to be red fumes of NO*. We found no absorption from this cause so long as the pressure was nearly atmospheric, but at about 100 lbs. pressure this gas was formed with great rapidity, and undoubtedly cut off a great deal of the radiation. We easily confirmed our belief in the presence of this gas by its well known absorption spectrum.
Lest heat dissociation might cause an apparent increase in the amount of NO2, we tried heating some of this gas in a flask. We observed that when hot the brown fumes became golden yellow, and
