active properties similar to those observed for freshly fallen rain. Both Wilson and Allan found that the activity of rain and snow decayed at about the same rate, the activity falling to half value in about 30 minutes. McLennan states that he found a smaller amount of radio-activity in the air after a prolonged fall of snow.
Schmauss[1] has observed that drops of water falling through air ionized by Röntgen rays acquire a negative charge. This effect is ascribed to the fact that the negative ions in air diffuse faster than the positive. On this view the drops of rain and flakes of snow would acquire a negative charge in falling through the air. They would in consequence act as collectors of the positive radio-active carriers from the air. On evaporation of the water the radio-active matter would be left behind.
276. Radio-active emanations from the earth. Elster
and Geitel observed that the air in caves and cellars was, in most
cases, abnormally radio-active, and showed very strong ionization.
This action might possibly be due to an effect of stagnant air, by
which it produced a radio-active emanation from itself, or to a
diffusion of a radio-active emanation from the soil. To test
whether this emanation was produced by the air itself, Elster and
Geitel shut up the air for several weeks in a large boiler, but no
appreciable increase of the activity or ionization was observed. To
see whether the air imprisoned in the capillaries of the soil was
radio-active, Elster and Geitel[2] put a pipe into the earth and sucked
up the air into a testing vessel by means of a water pump.
The apparatus employed to test the ionization of the air is shown in Fig. 103. C is an electroscope connected with a wire net, Z. The active air was introduced into a large bell-jar of 27 litres capacity, the inside of which was covered with wire netting, MM´. The bell-jar rested on an iron plate AB. The electroscope could be charged by the rod S. The rate of discharge of the electroscope, before the active air was introduced, was noted. On allowing the active air to enter, the rate of discharge increased rapidly, rising in the course of a few hours in one experiment to 30 times the original value. They found that the emanation produced
