the boiler;[1] provided the total mass of water and steam be invariable, and be restored to its primitive physical condition (which will be the case rigorously, if the condenser be kept cool by the external application of cold water instead of by injection, as is more usual in practice), and if the condensed water be restored to the boiler at the end of each complete revolution. Thus we perceive that a certain quantity of heat is let down from a hot body, the metal of the boiler, to another body at a lower temperature, the metal of the condenser; and that there results from this transference of heat a certain development of mechanical effect.
11. If we examine any other case in which mechanical effect is obtained from a thermal origin, by means of the alternate expansions and contractions of any substance whatever, instead of the water of a steam-engine, we find that a similar transference of heat is effected, and we may therefore answer the first question proposed, in the following manner:
The thermal agency by which mechanical effect may be obtained is the transference of heat from one body to another at a lower temperature.
- ↑ So generally is Carnot's principle tacitly admitted as an axiom, that its application in this case has never, so far as I am aware, been questioned by practical engineers. (1849).
