§ 1. THE THREE TASKS 5
such a definition we might be tempted to infer that epistemology is the giving of a description of thinking processes; but that would be entirely erroneous. There is a great difference between the system of logical interconnections of thought and the actual way in which thinking processes are performed. The psychological operations of thinking are rather vague and fluctuating processes; they almost never keep to the ways prescribed by logic and may even skip whole groups of operations which would be needed for a complete exposition of the subject in question. That is valid for thinking in daily life, as well as for the mental procedure of a man of science, who is confronted by the task of finding logical interconnections between divergent ideas about newly-observed facts; the scientific genius has never felt bound to the narrow steps and prescribed courses of logical reasoning. It would be, therefore, a vain attempt to construct a theory of knowledge which is at the same time logically complete and in strict correspondence with the psychological processes of thought.
The only way to escape this difficulty is to distinguish carefully the task of epistemology from that of psychology. Epistemology does not regard the processes of thinking in their actual occurrence; this task is entirely left to psychology. What epistemology intends is to construct thinking processes in a way in which they ought to occur if they are to be ranged in a consistent system; or to construct justifiable sets of operations which can be intercalated between the starting-point and the issue of thought-processes, replacing the real intermediate links. Epistemology thus considers a logical substitute rather than real processes. For this logical substitute the term rational reconstruction has been introduced;[1] it seems an appropriate phrase to indi-
- ↑ The term rationale Nachkonstruktion was used by Carnap in Der logische Aufbau der Welt (Berlin and Leipzig, 1928).
