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IMAGES AND NAMES.
143

and in Africa, a like prejudice is found among the Masai.[1] In the Old World, Pliny says of the Roman custom, "Why, when we mention the dead, do we declare that we do not vex their memory?"[2] and indeed, the superstition is still to be found in modern Europe, and better marked than in ancient Rome; perhaps nowhere more notably than in Shetland, where it is all but impossible to get a widow, at any distance of time, to mention the name of her dead husband, though she will talk about him by the hour. No dead person must be mentioned, for his ghost will come to him who speaks his name.[3]

To conclude the list, the dislike to mentioning the names of spiritual or superhuman beings, and everything to which super- natural powers are ascribed, is, as everyone knows, very general. The Dayak will not speak of the small-pox by name, but will call it "the chief" or "jungle leaves," or say "Has he left you?"[4] The euphemism of calling the Furies the Eumenides, or 'gracious ones,' is the stock illustration of this feeling, and the euphemisms for fairies and for the devil are too familiar to quote. The Yezidis, who worship Satan, have a horror of his name being mentioned. The Laplanders will call the bear "the old man with the fur coat," but they do not like to mention his name; and East Prussian peasants still say that in midwinter you must speak of the wolf as "the vermin," not call him by name, lest werewolves tear you.[5] In Asia, the same dislike to speak of the tiger is found in Siberia, among the Tunguz;[6] and in Annam, where he is called "Grandfather" or "Lord,"[7] while in Sumatra, they are spoken of as the "wild animals" or "ancestors."[8] The name of Brahma is a sacred thing in India, as that of Jehovah is to the Jews, not to be uttered but on solemn occasions. The Moslem, it is true, has the name of

  1. ↑ Bastian, vol. ii. p. 276. etc. See also Fontana, 'Nicobar Is.' in As. Res., vol. iii. p. 154. Callaway, 'Religion of Amazulu,' p. 169.
  2. ↑ Plin., xxviii. 5.
  3. ↑ Mrs. Edmondston, 'Shetland Islands;' Edin. 1856, p. 20.
  4. ↑ St. John, vol. i. p. 62.
  5. ↑ Wuttke, p. 118. See also Grimm, D. M., p. 633, 1213.
  6. ↑ Ravenstein, p. 382.
  7. ↑ Mouhot, 'Travels in Indo-China,' etc.; London, 1864, vol. i. p. 263.
  8. ↑ Marsden, p. 292.
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