ment in other arts, in times and places beyond the range of history. On the other hand, though arts which flourish in times of great refinement or luxury, and complex processes which require a combination of skill or labour hard to get together, and liable to be easily disarranged, may often degenerate, yet the more homely and useful the art, and the less difficult the conditions for its exercise, the less likely it is to disappear from the world, unless when superseded by some better device. Races may and do leave off building temples and monuments of sculptured stone, and fall off in the execution of masterpieces of metal-work and porcelain, but there is no evidence of any tribe giving up the use of the spindle to twist their thread by hand, or having been in the habit of working the fire-drill with a thong, and going back to the clumsier practice of working it without, and it is even hard to fancy such a thing happening. Since the Hottentots have learnt, within the last two centuries or so, to smelt the iron ore of their country, it is hard to imagine that anything short of extirpating them or driving them into a country destitute of iron, could make them go back to the Stone Age in which their ancestors lived. Some facts are quoted which bear on the possible degeneration of savage tribes when driven out into the desert, or otherwise reduced to destitution, or losing their old arts in the presence of a higher civilization, but there seems ground for thinking that such degeneration has been rather of a local than of a general character, and has rather affected the fortunes of particular tribes than the development of the world at large. I do not think I have ever met with a single fact which seems to me to justify the theory, of which Dr. von Martius is perhaps the leading advocate, that the ordinary condition of the savage is the result of degeneration from a far higher state.[1] The chapter on
- ↑ See above, p. 136. It appears, however, that the late Dr. Martius is no longer to lie reckoned among the supporters of the degeneration-theory, as in later years he saw cause to reverse his early views. Since the date of the first edition of the present work, he has published his opinion as to the Amazons tribes, that there is no ground for considering their barbarous condition a secondary one, nor that it was preceded by a higher state of morals, or a past civilization. See Martius, 'Beiträge zur Ethnographie Amerika's,' Leipzig, 1867, vol. i. p. 375; also Peschel, 'Völkerkunde,' Leipzig, 1874, p. 137. [Note to 3rd Edition.]
