zerland, where in the following year he helped to found the "International Alliance of Socialist Democracy," of which he drew up the programme. This programme gives a good succinct résumé of his opinions:—
The Alliance declares itself atheist; it desires the definitive and entire abolition of classes, and the political equality and social equalization of individuals of both sexes. It desires that the earth, the instruments of labour, like all other capital, becoming the collective property of society as a whole, shall be no longer able to be utilized except by the workers, that is to say, by agricultural and industrial associations. It recognizes that all actually existing political and authoritarian States, reducing themselves more and more to the mere administrative functions of the public services in their respective countries, must disappear in the universal union of free associations, both agricultural and industrial.
The International Alliance of Socialist Democracy desired to become a branch of the International Working Men's Association, but was refused admission on the ground that branches must be local, and could not themselves be international. The Geneva group of the Alliance, however, was admitted later, in July 1869.
The International Working Men's Association had been founded in London in 1864, and its statutes and programme were drawn up by Marx. Bakunin at first did not expect it to prove a success and refused to join it. But it spread with remarkable rapidity in many countries and soon became a great power for the propagation of Socialist ideas. Originally it was by no means wholly Socialist, but in successive Congresses, Marx won it over more and more to his
