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ROMAN MANCHESTER RE-STUDIED.
57
| Ribchester (Bremetonacum). Excavated by Mr. John Garstang. |
Melandra (Zedrotalia?). Excavated by Messrs. R. Hamnett and J. Garstang. |
Wilderspool (Veratinum?). Excavated by Mr. Thomas May. |
| Berme, 25 feet; fosse, 20 feet wide, 6 feet to 7 feet deep. | Two sides ditched, the other sides naturally defended, standing on sharp slopes. Still awaiting excavation. | Ditches, 7 feet wide, 3½ feet deep; berme, 7 to 11 feet, with a rude stone pavement 18 inches wide, over one portion near the south-west angle. |
| Walls, 6 feet thick, height probably 12 feet—the lowest 3 feet of boulders, the upper 3 feet of four courses of regular formed stones. Wall with inner and outer facings, with stones and rubble between. | Walls, 4 feet thick, composed of large boulder embedded in clay, with three courses of flagstones on the top, the outer face is of dressed stones 12 inches thick, 12 to 21 inches in length, the inner portion filled up with large boulders, clay and gravel; no inner wall has been discovered. | No walls, and defended by a rampart 9 feet wide, the lowest about 1 foot of made ground, 6 inches of loamy sand and gravel, and one or two courses of hammer-dressed sandstone blocks for facing stones, with rubble between. |
| Streets paved with cobble stones, floor on clay, oak spars, over it earth. | Road: the principal road, 13 feet wide, of gravel, with boulder curbstone outside; from near the south-west tower, a gravel road, 9 feet wide, runs to a small plateau in the adjoining field. | Road, 24 feet wide, just inside the rampart on two sides, formed by a bedding of made ground, a layer of broken sandstone blocks about a foot deep, and 2 or 3 inches of gravel. |
| Gates, in the centre for shorter sides, at one-third of the length of the wall for the longer sides. | Gates placed as at Ribchester; gateway double-arched; at the P. P. Dextra was a portcullis. | Gates: evidently at north-east and south-west angles, foundations of the latter only traced. |
| Conduit, from P. P. Sinistra to the north-west tower, flagged. |
