recognizable in the Veda, although there also corresponding forms with short a and with long ā sometimes stand side by side.
d. Final a is sometimes changed to ī (very rarely i): thus, adhvarīyáti performs the sacrifice; taviṣīyáti is mighty; putrīyáti or putriyáti desires a son; māṅsīyáti craves flesh; sajjīyate is ready; candrakāntīyati is moonstonelike. Not fifty stems of this form are quotable.
e. It is occasionally dropped (after n or r): thus, turaṇyáti is rapid; adhvaryáti performs the sacrifice.
f. Other modes of treatment are sporadic: thus, the addition of s, as in stanasyati seeks the breast; the change of a to e, as in vareyáti plays the wooer.
1060. From stems in ā. Final ā usually remains, as in gopāyáti plays the herdsman, protects; pṛtanāyati fights; but it is sometimes treated in the other methods of an a-stem: thus, pṛtanyati fights; tilottamīyati acts Tilottamā.
1061. From stems in i, ī, and u, ū. Such stems are (especially those in u, ū) very rare. They show regularly ī and ū before ya: thus, arātīyáti (also -tiy-) plots injury; janīyáti (also -niy-) seeks a wife; sakhīyáti desires friendship; nārīyate turns woman; — çatrūyáti acts the foe; ṛjūyáti is straight; vasūyáti desires wealth; asūyáti grumbles, is discontented: with short u, gātuyáti sets in motion.
a. More rarely, i or u is treated as a (or else is gunated, with loss of a y or v): thus, dhunayáti comes snorting; laghayati makes easier. Sometimes, as to a (above, 1059 f), a sibilant is added: thus, aviṣyáti is vehement; uruṣyáti saves. From dhī, RV. makes dhiyāyáte.
1062. From other vowel-stems. a. Final ṛ is changed to rī: thus, mātrīyáti treats as a mother (only quotable example).
b. The diphthongs, in the few cases that occur, have their final element changed to a semivowel: thus, gavyáti seeks cattle, goes a-raiding.
1063. From consonant-stems. A final consonant usually remains before ya: thus, bhiṣajyáti plays the physician, cures; ukṣaṇyáti acts like a bull; apasyáti is active; namasyáti pays reverence; sumanasyáte is favorably disposed; taruṣyáti fights.
a. But a final n is sometimes dropped, and the preceding vowel treated as a final: thus, rājāyáte or rājīyáti is kingly, from rājan; -karmayati from -karman; svāmīyati treats as master, from svāmin: vṛṣāyáte from vṛṣan is the only example quotable from the older language. Sporadic cases occur of other final consonants similarly treated: thus, ojāyáte from ojas, -manāyate from -manas; — while, on the other hand, an a-vowel is occasionally added to such a consonant before ya: thus, iṣayáti from iṣ, satvanāyati from satvan.
1064. The largest class of consonantal stems are those showing a s before the ya; and, as has been seen above, a sibilant is sometimes, by analogy, added to a final vowel, making the denominative-sign virtually sya
