no gender. Of such words as پدر pader, "father," مادر māder, "mother," the gender is self-evident; and in cases where it is necessary to make the distinction other additional words are used, such as ماده māda, "female," نر nar, "male;" thus, گاونر gāv i nar, "a bull," گاوماده gāv i māda, "a cow." For human beings, مرد mard, "man," زن zan, "woman," are added; as پیر مرد pīr i mard, "an old man," پیر زن pīr i zan, "an old woman."
Sometimes different words are employed, as in English, to distinguish the sexes; as قوچ ghūch, "a ram," میش mīsh, "a ewe" (but in literary Persian (
Persian characters) signifies "a ram"); اسب asp, "a horse," مادیان mādiyān "a mare;" خروس khurūs, "a cock," ماکیان mākiyān, "a hen."
PRONOUNS.
The Personal Pronouns are:
| مَن | man, I, | pl. | ما | ma, we. |
| تو | tu, thou, | ” | شُما | shumā, you. |
| او | ū, he | ” | اوشان | ūshān, they (those). |
| این | īn, this, | ” | ایشان | īshān, they (these). |
The only thing to notice in مَن man and تو tu is that in the objective cse they become مرا měrā (for man+rā), تو را turā (for tū+rā), the nasal ن and the long vowel both becoming absorbed.
In این īn and او ū, and their plurals, we notice the same
