APPENDIX.— No. I
COMMENTARY ON THE ITINERARY.
No people are so barbarous as to be totally destitute of the means of inter- nal communication ; and in proportion as they become more civilized and have more intercourse with other nations, these means are augmented and facilitated. By the early accounts of the Britons it appears that they maintained a considerable foreign commerce, that they had formed towns or large communities, and used chariots for warlike, and undoubtedly for civil purposes. Hence it is evident that their internal communications must have been free and numerous. We need not therefore be surprised, if, after the lapse of so many centuries, marks of such British roads appear even at present to a careful observer, differing in many respects from the roads subsequently made by the Romans, and traversing the island in every direction.
These ancient ways may be distinguished from those made by the Romans by unequivocal marks.
I. They are not raised nor paved, nor always straight ; but often wind along the tops or sides of the chains of hills which lie in their course.
II. They do not lead to Roman towns, or notice such towns, except when placed on the sites of British fortresses.
III. They are attended by tumuli like those of the Romans ; but usually throw out branches, which, after running parallel for some miles, are reunited to the original stem.
When the Romans obtained a footing in this island, they directed all their operations, according to their practice, by military principles. They civilized indeed as they conquered, but conquest was their principal object. Hence, as each tribe was successively subdued, they fortified such primary posts as were best adapted to support their future operations, established secondary posts to secure their communications, and connected the whole by military ways. From local circumstances, and the principles of war, their primary posts were either at or near the sites of the British towns, or on the principal rivers. If therefore the British towns and trackways were suited to their purposes, they adopted them ; if not, they constructed others. But both their towns and roads differed materially from those of the original inhabitants. The Romans in their towns or fortresses followed the system of their own castramentation, in like manner as in modern war- fare the construction of permanent and temporary works is guided by the same general principles. These towns are of a regular figure, bounded by lines as straight as the shape of the ground will permit, generally square or oblong, and consisting commonly in a single wall and ditch, unless in posi- tions peculiarly dangerous, or where local circumstances rendered additional defences necessary. On the contrary the British towns, which were occu- pied by the Pvomans, although irregularly shaped, still partake of their original figure.
Specimens of the first kind, or perfect Roman towns, may be seen in Colchester, Winchester, Caerleon, Caerwent, Castor near Norwich, and all
