and moon with regard to the earth, and occasioned by the direct action of these bodies on the equator. Dr. Bradley discovered that by this action the moon causes the pole of the equator to describe a small ellipse in the heavens, the diameters of which are 16″ and 20″. The period of this inequality is nineteen years, the time employed by the nodes of the lunar orbit to accomplish a revolution. The sun causes a small variation in the description of this ellipse; it runs through its period in half a year. This nutation in the earth's axis affects both the precession and obliquity with small periodic variations; but in consequence of the secular variation in the position of the terrestrial orbit, which is chiefly owing to the disturbing energy of Jupiter on the earth, the oblique of the ecliptic is annually diminished by 0″.52109. With regard to the fixed stars, this variation in the course of ages may amount to tea or eleven degrees; but the obliquity of the ecliptic to the equator can never vary more than two or three degrees, since the equator will follow in some measure the motion of the ecliptic.
It is evident that the places of all the celestial bodies are affected by precession and nutation, and therefore all observations of them must be corrected for these inequalities.
The densities of bodies are proportional to their masses divided by their volumes; hence if the sun and planets be assumed to be spheres, their volumes will be as the cubes of their diameters. Now the apparent diameters of the sun and earth at their mean distance, are 1922″ and 17″.08, and the mass of the earth is the 1354936th part of that of the sun taken as the unit; it follows therefore, that the earth is nearly four times as dense as the sun; but the sun is so large that his attractive force would cause bodies to fall through about 450 feet in a second; consequently if he were even habitable by human beings, they would be unable to move, since their weight would be thirty times as great as it is here. A moderate sized man would weigh about two tons at the surface of the sun. On the contrary, at the surface of the four new planets we should be so light, that it would be impossible to stand from the excess of our muscular force, for a man would only weigh a few pounds. All the planets and satellites appear to be of
