hearts are in the defence. When compelled there- to, they fight with energy.
When in a position of great danger they are easily led.
He who knows not the ambitions of other rulers, cannot make profitable alliances with them.
He who knows not mountain and forest; cliffs; ravines; lakes and marshes; cannot conduct an army.
He who uses not guides, cannot draw advantage from the locality.
He who has not a complete knowledge of the Nine Grounds, cannot rise superior to neighbouring rulers.
An able ruler, when attacking an important state, can prevent the enemy from concentrating his forces.
If he exercise his influence, other states cannot join against him.
He does not struggle for the favour of other states.
He does not give support to them (with a view to subsequent benefits). He has confidence in himself, and awes the enemy with his influence.
Therefore he easily takes the fortress, or reduces the country to subjection.
In the bestowal of rewards, or in his orders, he is not bound by ancient rule.
He manages his forces as though they were one man.
Orders should not reveal the plan of the leader; nor should the soldiers be informed of any accompanying risks.
If the forces be plunged into danger, there is sur-
