832
NETHERLANDS : — EAST INDIES
with 7,176 pupils. lu 1875 the Government spent 803,906 guilders for the education of natives, and in 1896 1,276,311 guilders.
For foreign Orientals there were in 1896 about 466 schools with 8,580 pupils.
Justice and Crime.
The administration of justice is based on the principle that Europeans and persons assimilated with them are subject to laws nearly similar to those of the mother-country, Avhile the natives are subject to their own customs and institutions. The administration of justice for Europeans is entrusted to European judges, while for natives their own chiefs have a large share in the trial of cases.
There is a High Court of Justice at Batavia — courts of justice at Batavia Samarang, Soerabaya, Padang, and Makassar — Resident and Regent courts, courts of circuit, district courts, and courts of priests.
The number of natives condemned for serious crimes in 1895 was 11,280 ; for police offences, 9,212; while it was in 1882, 11,701 and 6,667. There are about 300 prisons ; their population was 22,140 at the end of 1895.
The relations of the State to j)auperism are limited to subvention to Pro- testant and Catholic orphan-houses ; for this purpose the budget contains about 100,000 guilders yearly.
Finance.
The local revenue is derived from land, taxes on houses and estates,
rom licences, customs duties, personal imposts, the Government monopolies
of salt and opium, railways, and a number of indirect taxes. But the chief part
of the large profits is indirect, being obtained by the sale of a vast amount of
coffee, grown under the 'culture system,' and sold in India and Europe,
The following table shows the revenue and expenditure for 1870, 1880 1890, and 1894-98 :—
Year
Revenue
Guilders
1870
123,525,000
1880
146,838,000
1890
137,789,482
1894
128,418,699
1895
131,242,887
1896
133,091.391
1897
129,634,774
1898
139,412,904
Expenditure
Surplus or Deficit
Guilders 115,765,000 146,936,000 127,736,739 138,683,776 139,458,999 143,779,363 148,922,452 154,519,438
Guilders + 7,760,000 98,000 + 10,052,743
- 10,265,077
- 8,216,112
- 12,269,972
- 19,287,678
- 15,106,534
The percentage of the different sources of revenue is shown in the follow- ing table
Year
Taxes
Monopolies i
Products 2
Other Receipts 13-2
Total
1893
36-2
19-3
31-3
100
1894
35-9
24-5
24-1
15-5
100
1895
37-0
24-3
22-9
15-8
100
1896
36-0
24-7
23-3
16-0
100
1897
37-7
25-6
20-0
16-7
100
1898
36-3
24-1
22-4
17-2
100
J <)l>iu)ii and salt, etc.
Coffee, ciuchonB, tin, and coal,
