894 GERMAN EMPIRE
represented iu the Protectorate by au Imperial governor. There are 9 communes, each with an administrator and a council of from 3 to 5 members. The members are appointed b}'^ the Governor ; they may be German or not, but one must represent native interests ; local finance and other matters are submitted to these councils. The native population is estimated at 10,000,000, consisting mostly of tribes of mixed Bantu race. Estimates of local popula- tions for 1910 are : Tabora, 500,000 ; Dar-es-Salaam, 195,500 ; Ujiji, 175,000 ; Tanga, 77,101 ; Bagamoyo, 77,500; Kilwa, 100,791 ; Lindi, 354,237 ; Pangaui, 66,757. Arabs, Indians, Syrians, and Goanese number about 7,000. The European population in January, 1911, numbered 4,227 (3,113 Germans). Justice is administered in the Chief Judicial Court and in District and Native Courts. In the year 1910, 164 Europeans and 16,084 natives were con- victed in the criminal courts. Of the natives, 34 were sentenced to death. The military and police force consists of about 320 Germans and 4,540 natives. In 1909 there were 31 Government schools, including 4 for handicrafts, with 14 European and 77 native teachers and 3,821 pupils. Five Protestant and three Catholic missionary societies have schools with over 50,000 pupils. Near the coast forests of mangrove, coco-palm, baobab, tamarind, &c. ; in the higher regions the acacia, cotton-tree, sycamore, banian, and other trees. Government forests, 260,827 hectares. Near the coast there are German planta- tions of coco-palms, coffee (on the higher lands), vanilla, tobacco, caoutchouc, cacao, sugar, tea, cotton, cardamom, cinchona. Fibre plants are successfully cultivated. There are several Government experimental stations for tropical culture and cattle-rearing. In 1911 there were 1,489,178 head of cattle, 2,793,437 sheep and goats. Minerals known to exist within the Protec- torate are coal, iron, lead, copi)er, mica, and salt ; gold ore was extracted to the extent of 7,333 tons ia 1911, valued at 943,645 marks (46,400^.). Agates, topaz, moonstones, tourmalin, and quartz crystals are found, and garnets in large quantities. The production of salt (36,530 cwts. in 1911) was the largest yet recorded. The chief seaports are Dar-es-Salaam, Baga- moyo, Saadani, Pangani, Kilwa, Lindi, Mikindani, and Tanga, but feAv of these are accessible to ocean-going vessels, though gradual improvements are being introduced. Wide, well-kept roads (on some of which rest-houses and stores are provided) run all through the colony. The Usambara railway from Tanga to Muhesta (218 miles) is open for traffic. Costs of service in the year 1910 on the Usambara railway was 616,900 marks, the receipts from all lines, 2,436,600 marks. The Central Railway from Dar-es- Salaam to Tabora (528 miles) was completed in February, 1912. Total length of line (1913), 743 miles. There are also Government coasting, river, and lake steamers. Dar-es-Salaam is in telegraphic communication with the coast towns, Zanzibar, many inland centres, and, at Ujiji, with the African trans- continental line, 39 post offices and 29 telegraph stations. The revenue and expenditure for the vear 1912 were put at 19,320,000 marks (including Imperial contribution" of 3,618,000 marks). Imports, 1911, 45,891,642 marks; exports, 22,437,760 marks. Chief exports: rubber, 5,764,000 marks; copra, 1,909,000 marks; ivory, 703,000 marks; coffee, 572,000 marks; vegetable fibre (sisal), 3,011,000 marks; insect wax, 449,000 marks. Chief imports : cottons, rice, articles for consumption, hardware and iron. The trade is chiefly with Zanzibar and Germany. In 1910, 933 vessels of 2,000,000 tons entered the various ports. There visited the ports also 3,820 dhows of 87,420 tons.
Gooernor. — Dr. Schnee.
British Oonsul-Ge7ieraL—E. A. W. Clarke, 1909 (residing at Zanzibar).
