1152 PORTUGAL
The reserve army is to consist of 35 regiments of infantry, 8 squadrons of cavalry,, and 24 field batteries, with other units.
The territorial anny has no cadres.
The Republican Guard, and the Fiscal Guard, are civil corps recruited from the army, the men of Avhich can be employed in the field in war time. The Republican Guard is a military police, numbering about 5,000 men, of whom about 800 are mounted. The Fiscal Guard is a preventive sei-vice about 5,200 strong.
The arm of the Portuguese infantry is the Mauser- Yergueiro, a magazine weapon, calibre 6*5 mm. The field artillery is being re-armed with 7*5 cm. Schneider Canet guns.
With regard to over-sea garrisons, 2 line regiments of infantry (of 2 battalions) are permanently stationed in the Azores, and 1 at Madeira. The latter has also a battalion of garrison artillery, and there are 2 in the Azores. Besides these troops, the Portuguese have a separate Colonial Army, partly European and partly Native, which garrisons their possessions on the West Coast of Africa, in Mozambique, India, &c. The force consists of about 650 officers (partly of the home army), about 2,500 European non-commissioned officers and men, and 7,000 natives, the Europeans being enlisted voluntarily, the natives compulsorily.
The military budget of Portugal for 1912-13 is 2,075,000Z.
The navy of Portugal comprises : — 1 old battleship, Vasco da Gama, (3,030 tons), 5 protected cruisers, Almirante Reis (4,253 tons), Sao Gabriel (1,840 tons), Adamastor (1,757 tons), and Repuhlica (1,656 tons); a variety of old gunboats, 4 old torpedo boats, 4 transports, 3 training ships, the former royal yacht, 5 de Otouhro (1,365 tons), 3 destroyers, 4 torpedo boats, 3 submarines, 1 steamer for torpedo and mine service.
The new programme contemplates 3 Dreadnoughts, 3 cruisers, 12 large destroyers, and 6 submarines.
In 1910 there were 420 naval officers, besides surgeons, engineers, &c., and 5,687 men.
Production and Industry.
Of the whole area of continental Portugal 26*2 per cent, is annually cultivated under cereals, pulse, pasture, etc. ; 3 '5 per cent, is under vineyards ; 3-9 per cent, under fruit trees ; 17 '3 per cent, under forest ; 43 '1 per cent, is waste. In Alemtejo and Estremadura and the mountainous districts of other provinces are wide tracts of waste lands, and it is asserted that many hectares, now uncultivated, are susceptible of cultivation.
There are four modes of land tenure commonly in use : — Peasant pro- prietorship, tenant farming, metayage, and emphyteusis. In the north- ern half of Portugal, peasant proprietorship and emphyteusis prevail, where land is much subdivided and the ' petite culture ' practised. In the south large properties and tenant farming are common In the peculiar system called aforamento or emphyteusis the contract arises whenever the owner of any real property transfers the ddminium utile to another person who binds himself to pay to the owner a certain fixed rent called foro or canon. The landlord, retaining only the dominium directum of the land, parts with all his rights in the holding except that of receiving quit-rent, the right to distrain if the quit-rent be withheld, and the right of eviction if the foro be unpaid for more than five years. Subject to these rights of the landlord, the tenant is master of the holding, which he can cultivate, improve, exchange, or sell ; but in case of sale the landlord has a right of pre-emption, compensated by a corresponding right in the tenant
